We present and analyze the panopticon of Germany’s foreign trade, with new data on all products, all trade partners, quantities, and values, at annual frequency, 1880–1913. Historical product categories are reclassified according to the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) to ensure comparability over time and across countries. Germany became increasingly specialized in manufacturing, in line with theories of comparative advantage. However, most trade growth occurred along the extensive margin, and 20–25 percent of trade was intra-industry trade, at five-digit SITC. Both facts suggest substantial within-sector heterogeneity. We discuss why this matters for our understanding of the first globalization.

中文翻译：

---

1880-1913 年德国对外贸易的全景：第一次全球化的新事实

我们以 1880-1913 年的年度频率展示和分析德国对外贸易的全景，包括所有产品、所有贸易伙伴、数量和价值的新数据。历史产品类别根据标准国际贸易分类 (SITC) 重新分类，以确保随着时间和国家/地区的可比性。根据比较优势理论，德国变得越来越专注于制造业。然而，大多数贸易增长发生在粗放边际，20-25% 的贸易是行业内贸易，SITC 为 5 位数。这两个事实都表明行业内存在显着的异质性。我们讨论了为什么这对我们理解第一次全球化很重要。