Scholars have largely understood the urban crisis, including racial violence, as a matter of Black versus white, with white ethnics in possession of a largely inconsequential ethnicity. An examination of two community leaders from Newark’s North Ward reveals competing Italian American perceptions of the urban crisis. Anthony Imperiale, the race-baiting demagogue and politician, has been portrayed by the media and by scholars as the lone voice of the North Ward. Stephen Adubato argued that urban white working-class ethnics like Italian American Newarkers were reacting to economic hardship at a time when they believed the government was advantaging African Americans. Rather than foster a white identity and anti-black sentiment, Adubato aimed to promote stronger Italian American ethnicity as a basis for making claims on resources. A consideration of the two men, using newspaper accounts and archival sources, illustrates that Newark’s Italian Americans as a distinct ethnic group had diverse if at times overlapping interpretations of their experience of the urban crisis rooted in identification by race on the one hand and ethnicity on the other. The attitudes toward and relations with African Americans represented by both men were grounded in real and imagined socioeconomic, political, and cultural realms within the specific racial context of the era and the challenges of the urban crisis which extended to the Italian American community.

中文翻译：

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城市危机中的白人种族：纽瓦克的意大利裔美国人

学者们在很大程度上将包括种族暴力在内的城市危机理解为黑人与白人之间的关系，白人拥有的种族在很大程度上是无关紧要的。对来自纽瓦克北区的两位社区领袖的调查揭示了意大利裔美国人对城市危机的相互竞争的看法。煽动种族的煽动者和政治家安东尼·帝国 (Anthony Imperiale) 被媒体和学者描绘成北区唯一的声音。斯蒂芬·阿杜巴托（Stephen Adubato）认为，像意大利裔美国人纽瓦克人这样的城市白人工人阶级是在他们认为政府正在使非裔美国人受益的时候对经济困难做出反应的。阿杜巴托并没有培养白人身份和反黑人情绪，而是旨在促进更强大的意大利裔美国人作为对资源提出要求的基础。使用报纸报道和档案资料对这两个人的考虑表明，纽瓦克的意大利裔美国人作为一个独特的族群，对他们对城市危机的经历有不同的解释，如果有时重叠的话，一方面是种族认同，另一方面是种族认同。另一个。两人所代表的对非裔美国人的态度和与非裔美国人的关系植根于那个时代特定种族背景下的真实和想象的社会经济、政治和文化领域，以及蔓延到意大利裔美国人社区的城市危机的挑战。说明纽瓦克的意大利裔美国人作为一个独特的族裔群体，对他们对城市危机的经历有不同的解释，有时甚至是重叠的解释，一方面是种族认同，另一方面是种族认同。两人所代表的对非裔美国人的态度和与非裔美国人的关系植根于那个时代特定种族背景下的真实和想象的社会经济、政治和文化领域，以及蔓延到意大利裔美国人社区的城市危机的挑战。说明纽瓦克的意大利裔美国人作为一个独特的族裔群体，对他们对城市危机的经历有不同的解释，有时甚至是重叠的解释，一方面是种族认同，另一方面是种族认同。两人所代表的对非裔美国人的态度和与非裔美国人的关系植根于那个时代特定种族背景下的真实和想象的社会经济、政治和文化领域，以及蔓延到意大利裔美国人社区的城市危机的挑战。