Large crowds are challenging the comfort and safety level of big cities, while music may be a potential method to improve pedestrian flow. This paper focuses on the influence of different tempos and types of background music on pedestrian dynamics. Three tempos (90beats/min (BPM), 120BPM and 150BPM) and two types (pure music and metronome stimuli) of music are considered. It is found that more frequent stop-and-go behaviors emerge with rhythms. Compared with that under a low tempo (90BPM) of rhythm condition, stopping is more frequent with a high tempo one (120BPM or 150BPM). The number of stopping pedestrians per unit time increases 68.57%, 376.00%, 298.29%, 224.00%, 438.29% and 393.71% with 90 BPM, 120BPM and 150BPM music, 90BPM, 120BPM and 150BPM metronome, compared with that without any rhythm, respectively. The velocity and flow are lower, and higher local densities appear with background music. The step frequency at high density with rhythms (1.16±0.11, 1.16±0.12 and 1.15±0.10Hz for 90BPM, 120BPM and 150BPM music; 1.15±0.13, 1.11±0.09 and 1.16±0.11Hz for 90BPM, 120BPM and 150BPM metronome) is lower than that without any rhythm (1.40±0.14Hz). Pedestrians need more time to avoid collisions and to step under background music conditions, because they are influenced by the music and not fully focusing on walking. As a result, step frequency decreases and stopping behavior is more frequent. This in turn leads to the decrease of the velocity and flow and the emergence of higher local densities. Our study will be helpful for understanding the effect of background music on pedestrian dynamics.

中文翻译：

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不同节奏背景音乐下单档运动中的行人动力学

大量人群正在挑战大城市的舒适和安全水平，而音乐可能是改善人流的潜在方法。本文重点研究不同节奏和背景音乐类型对行人动态的影响。三种节奏（90节拍/分钟 (BPM), 120BPM 和 150BPM）和两种类型的音乐（纯音乐和节拍器刺激）被考虑在内。人们发现，随着节奏出现更频繁的走走停停行为。与低节奏（90BPM）的节奏条件，停止更频繁与高节奏一（120BPM 或 150BPM）。90 BPM、120 单位时间内停车行人数分别增加 68.57%、376.00%、298.29%、224.00%、438.29% 和 393.71%BPM 和 150BPM 音乐，90每分钟拍数，120BPM 和 150BPM节拍器，分别与没有任何节奏的那个相比。速度和流量较低，并且随着背景音乐出现较高的局部密度。有节奏的高密度步进频率（1.16±0.11,1.16±0.12和1.15±0.1090 赫兹每分钟拍数，120BPM 和 150BPM音乐；1.15±0.13,1.11±0.09和1.16±0.1190 赫兹每分钟拍数，120BPM 和 150BPM节拍器）低于没有任何节奏的（1.40±0.14赫兹）。行人需要更多时间来避免碰撞并在背景音乐条件下踩踏，因为他们受音乐影响，并没有完全专注于步行。结果，步进频率降低并且停止行为更加频繁。这反过来导致速度和流量的降低以及更高的局部密度的出现。我们的研究将有助于理解背景​​音乐对行人动态的影响。