In English administrative rolls produced in Medieval Latin, the influx of vernacular vocabulary is well-known and documented. In this text type, the French definite article (typically, le(s), lez, or la) has often been discussed as a marker indicating a code-switch into the vernacular.1¹ Less attention has, nevertheless, been paid to the Latin past participle vocat., -a, -e, -ur, -us ‘called/is called’, which introduces lexical material irrespective of its etymological origin. Historians have tracked its use and pinpointed its potential for the identification of place names along with other indicators like apud ‘at’ and iacens/iacet ‘lying’/’it lies’.2² Of all these terms, however, ‘vocatur (or, occasionally, dicitur) “called”’ is described as ‘the most useful, since in every instance we can expect it to be followed by a name. Therefore, for those searching for landscape names, it is worth becoming familiar with this term and the various ways in which scribes reproduced it.’3³ In this note, I will argue that Carroll and Kilby’s recommendation can be extended to philologists and linguists. This marker (henceforth, vocat) not addressed in the literature on historical codeswitching, generally establishes a relationship between A and B, where B is the more familiar concept providing concrete information that would enable those responsible for the accounts to identify the precise referent/s in question. Since a large number of basic-level lexical items come from the vernaculars, Middle English/Anglo-French, the terms (both common and proper nouns) that follow vocat are generally those that would be expected in the vernaculars even if they can also be partly expressed with Latin-origin lexis not mediated by the vernaculars. I will here cite examples taken from the Durham Account Rolls (DAR),4⁴ one of the largest edited collections of administrative texts of this kind as well as from other documentary evidence for comparative purposes. In the DAR and multilingual texts more generally, vocat introduces vocabulary in the vernaculars and more rarely in Medieval Latin. There is just one example of Medieval Latin lexis introduced by vocat in the DAR, ‘pro 6 acris prati vocati pratum Terrarii in Edmondens’ (Rott. Terrar. 1507–1508).5⁵ Another possibility involves a combination of vernacular and Latin elements, as in ‘pro facture Cinefactorii voc. le Barowe Coquine’ (Rott. Celer. 1467–8)6⁶, ‘j claus. vocat. quarer. celerar.’ (Rott. Celer. 1438–1439),7⁷ and ‘liber vocatus cartuarium’ (Rott. Elemos. 1472).8⁸ As for the element preceding vocat, in the DAR and most texts, it is systematically of Latin origin (some examples from other documents include ‘Item, in i rethe vocat. le Polte nett xvj d.’,9⁹ and ‘Crestes panni linei vocat[i] crestcloth’).10¹⁰ The MED citations also evidence a rarer pattern, namely the use of unintegrated vernacular nouns before and after vocat (e.g. ‘De qualibet centena de stockfissh vocat’ raclefissh et coursfissh, ven. iiii d.’),11¹¹ but there are few instances of such phenomenon, dated to the 15th century and all from the same text, The Early English Customs System. Naturally, the MED also records the ME equivalent for vocat—making use of clepyd—in such texts as the Promptorium Parvulorum (‘langelyn.a-ʒen þat is clepyd clenchyng a-ʒen [vr. clensyng a-ʒen]’).12¹²

中文翻译：

---

Vocat在英国产生的中世纪晚期多语种文献中的作用

在以中世纪拉丁语制作的英语行政卷宗中，白话词汇的涌入是众所周知的并有记录的。在这种文本类型中，法语定冠词（通常是le ( s )、lez或la）经常被讨论为指示语码转换为白话的标记^{。1 1}然而，很少有人关注拉丁过去分词vocat ., -a , -e , -ur , -us'被称为/被称为'，它引入了词汇材料，无论其词源如何。历史学家已经追踪了它的使用情况，并确定了它在识别地名以及其他指标（如apud 'at' 和iacens / iacet 'lying'/'it lie'）方面的潜力。2 ²然而，在所有这些术语中，' vocatur（或, 有时, dicitur ) “称为”' 被描述为“最有用的”，因为在每种情况下我们都可以期望它后面跟着一个名字。因此，对于那些寻找地名的人来说，熟悉这个术语以及抄写员复制它的各种方式是值得的。'3 ³在这篇笔记中，我将论证卡罗尔和基尔比的建议可以扩展到语言学家和语言学家。此标记（以下称为 vocat）未在有关历史代码转换的文献中提及，通常建立 A 和 B 之间的关系，其中 B 是更熟悉的概念，提供具体信息，使负责帐户的人员能够识别精确的参考对象有问题。由于大量的基础词汇项目来自白话文、中古英语/英法，因此vocat 后面的术语（普通名词和专有名词）通常是那些在白话中可以预期的那些，即使它们也可以部分地用不由白话介导的拉丁语词汇来表达。我将在此引用来自达勒姆帐户卷( DAR ) 的示例，4 ⁴是此类行政文本最大的编辑集合之一，以及其他用于比较目的的文件证据。在DAR和更普遍的多语言文本中，vocat引入了白话语中的词汇，而在中世纪拉丁语中则很少。DAR中只有一个由vocat引入的中世纪拉丁语词汇示例, 'pro 6 acris prati vocati pratum Terrarii in Edmondens' (Rott. Terrar. 1507–1508).5 ⁵另一种可能性涉及白话和拉丁语元素的结合，如'profacture Cinefactorii voc. le Barowe Coquine' (Rott. Celer. 1467–8)6 ⁶ , 'j claus. 职业。争吵者。天竺葵。(Rott. Celer. 1438–1439),7 ⁷和“liber vocatus cartuarium” (Rott. Elemos. 1472).8 ⁸至于vocat之前的元素，在DAR和大多数文本中，它系统地起源于拉丁语（有些其他文档中的示例包括“Item, in i rethe vocat. le Polte nett xvj d.”,9 ⁹和“Cretes panni linei vocat[i] crestcloth” 。10 ¹⁰ MED引用也证明了一种更罕见的模式，即在vocat之前和之后使用未整合的白话名词（例如，'De qualibet centena de stockfishsh vocat' raclefissh et coursfissh, ven. iiii d.'），11 ¹¹但这种现象的实例很少，可追溯到 15 世纪，全部出自同一文本《早期英国海关制度》。自然，MED也记录了vocat的 ME 等价物——利用clepyd——在Promptorium Parvulorum等文本中（'langelyn.a-ʒen þat is clepyd clenchyng a-ʒen [vr. clensyng a-ʒen]'）。 12 ¹²