The aim of the present study was to investigate whether neutral faces of individuals with different propensities for leadership may convey information about their personal qualities, and are there impacts of sex, population and social environment on the facial perception. This study is based on a previous experiment ( Rostovtseva et al., 2022), where emergent leadership in the context of male group cooperation was investigated in Buryats (Mongolian population of Siberia). In the previous study three behavioural types of participants were revealed: non-leaders, prosocial leaders and leaders-cheaters, each having a set of distinguishing personality, communicative, and cooperative features. In the current study, three composite portraits representing different leadership qualities of Buryat men from the prior experiment were created. The composites were then scored on a number of traits by male and female Russian and Buryat independent raters (N = 435). The results revealed that ratings on masculinity, physical strength, dominance, competitiveness, and perceived leadership were positively correlated, while perceived trustworthiness was negatively associated with these traits. However, the composite portraits of actual leaders generally were scored as more trustworthy, masculine, and physically strong, with the prosocial leaders' portrait being perceived as healthier than others. Surprisingly, the composite of leaders-cheaters was scored as the most trustworthy and generous, and the least competitive than others. No significant effects of raters' sex, origin, or degree of familiarity with Mongolian appearance were revealed. We conclude that static facial morphology contributes to appearing trustworthy, which may allow exploitation of others.

中文翻译：

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对新兴领导者面孔的感知和社会作弊的演变：跨文化实验。

本研究的目的是调查具有不同领导倾向的个体的中性面孔是否可以传达有关其个人品质的信息，以及性别、人口和社会环境对面部感知是否有影响。这项研究基于之前的一项实验（Rostovtseva et al., 2022），该实验在布里亚特人（西伯利亚的蒙古族群）中调查了男性群体合作背景下的新兴领导力。在之前的研究中，揭示了参与者的三种行为类型：非领导者、亲社会领导者和领导者欺骗者，每一种都具有一套独特的个性、沟通和合作特征。在当前的研究中，创建了三幅合成肖像，代表了先前实验中布里亚特男性的不同领导素质。然后由俄罗斯和布里亚特的男性和女性独立评分者对多项特征进行综合评分（N = 435）。结果显示，对男性气质、体力、主导地位、竞争力和感知领导力的评分与这些特征呈正相关，而感知可信度与这些特征呈负相关。然而，实际领导人的综合肖像通常被认为更值得信赖、更有男子气概、身体更强壮，而亲社会领导人的肖像被认为比其他人更健康。令人惊讶的是，领导者和作弊者的组合被评为最值得信赖和慷慨，并且比其他人最缺乏竞争力。没有发现评估者的性别、血统或对蒙古人外貌的熟悉程度有显着影响。我们的结论是，静态的面部形态有助于显得值得信赖，这可能会导致他人被利用。