The degree to which civility norms are upheld or violated is an important criterion in evaluating the democratic quality of public debates. We investigate civility across media types, political systems, and levels of socio-cultural division, offering a comparative perspective on how these factors shape levels of civility in public debates around a key question for societies around the world: What is the proper role of religion in public life? Capturing both positive and negative forms of civility (i.e., recognition and outrage) on multiple levels of analysis, we compile and analyze an original large-scale dataset of news items published during August 2015 until July 2016 in six democracies (Australia, Germany, Lebanon, Switzerland, Turkey, and the USA) across three types of media (printed newspapers, news websites, and political blogs). We find that mediated discourse was heavier on outrage in mixed political systems (Germany and Turkey) than in ‘purely’ majoritarian and consensus systems. Public debate in deeply divided countries contained more outrage but also more recognition compared to less divided countries, with newspapers and news websites mitigating outrage discourse compared to political blogs. Blogs also emerged as less nurturing of recognition than newspapers and news websites.

中文翻译：

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解开公共话语中愤怒和认可的决定因素：跨社会文化鸿沟、政治体系和媒体类型的见解

维护或违反文明规范的程度是评估公共辩论的民主质量的重要标准。我们调查跨媒体类型、政治体系和社会文化划分水平的文明，就这些因素如何在围绕世界各地社会的一个关键问题的公共辩论中塑造文明水平提供比较视角：宗教的适当作用是什么在公共生活中？在多层次分析中捕捉积极和消极形式的文明（即认可和愤怒），我们编译和分析了 2015 年 8 月至 2016 年 7 月期间在六个民主国家（澳大利亚、德国、黎巴嫩）发布的原始大型新闻项目数据集、瑞士、土耳其和美国）跨越三种媒体（印刷报纸、新闻网站和政治博客）。我们发现，在混合政治体系（德国和土耳其）中，中介话语对愤怒的影响比在“纯粹的”多数主义和共识体系中更为严重。与分裂程度较低的国家相比，分裂严重的国家的公共辩论包含更多的愤怒，但也有更多的认可，与政治博客相比，报纸和新闻网站减轻了愤怒的话语。与报纸和新闻网站相比，博客的知名度也越来越低。