Complex social life is considered important to the evolution of cognition in primates. One key aspect of primate social interactions concerns the degree of competition that individuals face in their social group. To examine how social tolerance versus competition shapes social cognition, we experimentally assessed capacities for flexible gaze-following in more tolerant Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) and compared to previous data from despotic rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Monkeys experienced one of two possible conditions. In the barrier condition, they observed an actor look upwards into an overheard barrier, so they could not directly see the target of the actor's gaze without reorienting. In the no barrier condition, they observed an actor look upwards without a barrier blocking her line-of-sight, so they could observe the target of the actor's gaze by also looking upwards. Both species (N = 58 Barbary macaques, 64 rhesus macaques) could flexibly modulate their gaze responses to account for the demonstrator's line of sight, looking up more often when no barrier was present, and this flexible modulation declined with age in both species. However, neither species preferentially approached to look inside the barrier when their view of the target location was obscured, although rhesus macaques approached more overall. This pattern suggests that both tolerant and despotic macaques exhibit similar capacities to track other's line of sight and do not preferentially reorient their bodies to observe what an actor looks at in this situation. This contrasts with other work indicating that competitive primates are especially adept at some aspects of theory of mind. Thus, it is important to understand both the similarities and differences in the social-cognitive abilities of primates with different social styles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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耐受性和专制性猕猴（Macaca sylvanus 和 Macaca mulatta）对视线的敏感性。

复杂的社会生活被认为对灵长类动物的认知进化很重要。灵长类动物社会互动的一个关键方面涉及个体在其社会群体中面临的竞争程度。为了研究社会容忍与竞争如何塑造社会认知，我们通过实验评估了更宽容的巴巴利猕猴 (Macaca sylvanus) 的灵活注视能力，并与之前来自专制恒河猴 (Macaca mulatta) 的数据进行了比较。猴子经历了两种可能的情况之一。在屏障条件下，他们观察到一个演员向上看向一个被听到的屏障，因此他们无法在不重新定向的情况下直接看到演员注视的目标。在无障碍条件下，他们观察到一个演员向上看，没有障碍物挡住她的视线，这样他们也可以通过向上看来观察演员注视的目标。这两个物种（N = 58 只巴巴利猕猴，64 只恒河猴）都可以灵活地调节它们的注视反应以考虑到演示者的视线，当没有障碍物存在时更频繁地抬头看，并且这种灵活的调节在两个物种中都随着年龄的增长而下降。然而，当目标位置的视线被遮挡时，这两个物种都不会优先靠近以查看屏障内部，尽管恒河猴更接近整体。这种模式表明，宽容和专制的猕猴都表现出类似的能力来追踪他人的视线，并且不会优先调整身体方向以观察演员在这种情况下的注视。这与其他表明竞争性灵长类动物特别擅长心智理论的某些方面的研究形成鲜明对比。因此，了解具有不同社会风格的灵长类动物的社会认知能力的异同非常重要。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。