The present year 2021 celebrates the 75th anniversary of the nuclear magnetic resonance method (NMR), which has had an immense importance for several branches of physics, chemistry and biology. The splitting of resonances and the shifts in their positions are seemingly inexhaustible sources of information for organic chemistry and biology. It was first introduced for the study of nuclear spins and their associated magnetic properties and when it was observed that resonance lines were broadened by the action of fluctuating local magnetic fields it was first seen as a limitation for the exact determination of nuclear properties. However, it was soon realized that the broadening contained important information on the dynamics of atoms, molecules or cooperative spin systems surrounding the nuclei and spin perturbations became a well-developed tool for investigation of internal dynamics in liquids and solids, over time-ranges from seconds down to femtoseconds. The present article is an attempt to review this latter line of development and to pick out a series of examples of internal dynamics in different physical systems published over the past 75 years. Examples include motions of particles in solids, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), critical phenomena around phase transitions, functioning of biomolecules and recent applications to spintronics and quantum computing. Other spin-based spectroscopies followed in the tracks of NMR with use of electron spins (in electron spin resonance ESR also called electron paramagnetic resonance EPR, and ferromagnetic resonance, FMR), excited nuclear states (by observation of perturbations in angular correlation of gamma-rays, PAC) and later also muon spins (muon spin relaxation, MuSR), from which other examples are selected.

2021 年是核磁共振方法 (NMR) 诞生 75 周年，该方法对于物理、化学和生物学的多个分支都具有极其重要的意义。共振的分裂及其位置的变化似乎是有机化学和生物学取之不尽的信息来源。它最初是为了研究核自旋及其相关的磁特性而引入的，当观察到共振线因局部磁场波动的作用而变宽时，它首先被视为精确测定核特性的限制。然而，人们很快意识到，展宽包含有关原子、分子或原子核周围协同自旋系统动力学的重要信息，自旋扰动成为研究液体和固体内部动力学的成熟工具，时间范围为秒降至飞秒。本文试图回顾后一条发展路线，并挑选出过去 75 年发表的一系列不同物理系统内部动力学的例子。例子包括固体中粒子的运动、磁共振成像 (MRI)、相变周围的关键现象、生物分子的功能以及自旋电子学和量子计算的最新应用。其他基于自旋的光谱学遵循核磁共振的轨迹，使用电子自旋（在电子自旋共振ESR中也称为电子顺磁共振EPR和铁磁共振FMR）、激发核态（通过观察γ-角相关性的扰动）射线，PAC），后来还有μ子自旋（μ子自旋弛豫，MuSR），从中选择了其他例子。