Starting from the concept of divine patience in Rom 9:22, this article argues that Paul employs the potter/clay metaphor not (as often interpreted) to defend God’s right to arbitrary choice but rather as an appeal to what Abraham Heschel called divine pathos—the idea that God’s choices are impacted by human actions. The potter/clay imagery in Rom 9:20–23 thus serves to highlight the dynamic and improvisational way the God of Israel interacts with Israel and, by extension, all of creation.

中文翻译：

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愤怒的容器和上帝的悲怆：罗 9：20-23 中的波特/粘土意象

从罗马书 9:22 中神圣忍耐的概念开始，本文认为保罗使用陶器/粘土的比喻不是（如通常解释的那样）捍卫上帝任意选择的权利，而是呼吁亚伯拉罕赫歇尔所谓的神圣感伤——上帝的选择受到人类行为影响的想法。因此，罗马书 9：20-23 中的陶器/粘土意象突出了以色列的上帝与以色列互动的动态和即兴方式，进而延伸到所有受造物。