This article analyses Turkey's safeguard (SG) actions using a renovated approach to the measurement of the impacts of the SG duties with empirical application introduced by Bown and McCulloch (2004). We examine the trade impacts of 16 safeguard duties, covering 52 different 4 and 6-digit Harmonized System (HS) product categories, implemented by Turkey between 2003 and 2013, and we aim to reveal whether these measures had discriminatory impacts on those trading partners, whose imports represented a threat to the domestic importing industry. Since Turkish applications of SGs vary widely in terms of their duration, target markets and forms, this makes Turkey an interesting case study for 2003–2013 period, as Turkey mostly used SG applications based on additional financial obligations, not in the form of quotas after 2014. The empirical methodology is based on the approach introduced by Bown and McCulloch (2004), which serves as an attempt to approximate dynamic specifications in the context of cross-sectional data. Our findings show that the SGs applied by Turkey during the period of 2003–2013 effectively had a discriminatory impact on imports from major trading partners, and quotas and tariff rate quotas were more effective than tariffs for restricting imports.

本文使用 Bown 和 McCulloch (2004) 引入的经验应用，使用一种更新的方法来衡量 SG 关税的影响，分析了土耳其的保障 (SG) 行动。我们研究了土耳其在 2003 年至 2013 年间实施的 16 项保障关税的贸易影响，涵盖 52 个不同的 4 位和 6 位协调制度 (HS) 产品类别，我们旨在揭示这些措施是否对这些贸易伙伴产生了歧视性影响，其进口对国内进口行业构成威胁。由于土耳其对 SG 的申请在期限、目标市场和形式方面差异很大，这使得土耳其成为 2003-2013 年期间的一个有趣的案例研究，因为土耳其主要基于额外的财政义务使用 SG 申请，而不是在之后的配额形式2014 年。实证方法基于 Bown 和 McCulloch (2004) 引入的方法，该方法试图在横截面数据的背景下近似动态规范。我们的研究结果表明，土耳其在 2003 年至 2013 年期间实施的 SGs 有效地对主要贸易伙伴的进口产生了歧视性影响，配额和关税配额在限制进口方面比关税更有效。