The paper describes the sociolinguistic history of English in one of the post-Soviet Eastern European countries - Lithuania - covering three post-1990 decades. The aim is to examine the dynamics of the spread of English in relation to the ‘non-native’ Russian, the main lingua franca and L2 in this region after WWII until 1990. Based on a set of attitudinal, educational and self-assessment data as well as mixed language use for identity construction, the study shows that English was not accepted as rapidly as is sometimes claimed. With lower English scores and additional Russian, the ‘periphery’ of the Expanding Circle remains noticeably distinct from the European context. In demographic terms, however, the end of the third post-1990 decade can be considered a turning point in the sociolinguistic development of the community, led by the youth generations born around 1990 and after.

中文翻译：

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1990 年后立陶宛俄语和英语的社会语言动态

本文描述了后苏联东欧国家之一立陶宛的英语社会语言学历史，涵盖 1990 年代后的三个十年。目的是研究英语相对于“非母语”俄语的传播动态，俄语是二战后至 1990 年该地区的主要通用语言和第二语言。基于一组态度、教育和自我评估数据除了混合语言用于身份构建之外，研究表明英语并没有像有时声称的那样被迅速接受。由于英语分数较低，俄语分数较高，扩张圈的“边缘”仍然与欧洲背景明显不同。然而，从人口学角度来看，1990 年后第三个十年的结束可以被视为社区社会语言发展的转折点，由 1990 年前后出生的青年一代领导。