The recent emergence of the “urban commons” is associated with the “exclusion” problems of modern cities, which are enmeshed in the mechanism that spatially excludes those who are incapable of paying the market prices. Cities are also tightly regulated by various government regulations that control people’s actions, and creative practices are often stifled. The excluded not only resist commercialization, privatization, and state laws but also crave and pursue their own space and lifestyle. This study argues that the urban commons is a “haven” where the excluded are protected, existing as an alternative that outreaches the state and market ambits. We examine a Korean case to see how urban commons are created to embrace the excluded, focusing on the settings and process. The results show that (1) social exclusion and a power rift between the market and state during the urban process constitute the settings in which communities of the excluded create urban commons as a haven; (2) the creation and maintenance process should not only meet Ostrom’s design principles but also requires urban commoners to practice commoning as an alternative lifestyle; and (3) the urban settings pose threats to meeting the process requirements, so appropriate strategies should be employed to bridge the gaps.

中文翻译：

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城市公地作为被排斥者的避风港：在韩国首尔创建公地的经验

最近出现的“城市公地”与现代城市的“排斥”问题有关，这些问题陷入了空间排斥那些无力支付市场价格的人的机制中。城市还受到控制人们行为的各种政府法规的严格监管，而创造性的实践往往被扼杀。被排斥者不仅抵制商业化、私有化和国家法律，而且渴望和追求自己的空间和生活方式。本研究认为，城市公地是被排斥者受到保护的“避风港”，作为超越国家和市场范围的替代方案而存在。我们研究了一个韩国案例，以了解如何创建城市公地以接纳被排斥者，重点关注环境和过程。结果表明：（1）城市进程中的社会排斥和市场与国家之间的权力裂痕构成了被排斥社区创造城市公共空间作为避风港的环境；（2）创造和维护过程既要符合奥斯特罗姆的设计原则，又要要求城市平民践行共同作为另一种生活方式；(3) 城市环境对满足流程要求构成威胁，因此应采用适当的策略来弥补差距。