Carbon-based materials are widely studied for their unique advantages in electrocatalysis. Despite significant progress, the precise interface construction and mechanism exploration of carbon-based materials in the field of electrocatalysis is still in the early stages. Recently, our group and other peers demonstrated that by introducing heterogeneous components into carbon-based materials, and the forming of specific interfaces will serve as active sites or major reaction sites for electrochemical reactions (OER, HER, ORR, CO₂RR, NRR, etc.). Modulating the catalyst interface environment and chemical adsorption behavior through interface engineering is an effective strategy to improve the catalytic activity. This review summarizes the latest progress in the field of carbon-based electrocatalyst in a timely and comprehensive manner, including the classification of carbon-based materials and the interface problems involved, as well as the preparation methods of carbon-based materials in recent years. The interface engineering strategies of carbon-based materials, the structure-activity relationship between interface structure and performance, as well as the potential applications of carbon-based materials in heterogeneous catalytic reactions and energy conversion are discussed in detail. Finally, we outline the current challenges and identify the opportunities facing this emerging sector.

碳基材料因其在电催化方面的独特优势而被广泛研究。尽管取得了重大进展，但碳基材料在电催化领域的精确界面构建和机理探索仍处于早期阶段。最近，我们课题组和其他同行证明，通过将异质组分引入碳基材料中，特定界面的形成将作为电化学反应（OER、HER、ORR、CO _{2 ）的活性位点或主要反应位点。}RR、NRR 等）。通过界面工程调节催化剂界面环境和化学吸附行为是提高催化活性的有效策略。本综述及时全面地总结了碳基电催化剂领域的最新进展，包括碳基材料的分类和涉及的界面问题，以及近年来碳基材料的制备方法。详细讨论了碳基材料的界面工程策略，界面结构与性能之间的构效关系，以及碳基材料在多相催化反应和能量转换中的潜在应用。最后，