Over 70 per cent of India’s surface water is polluted by human excreta and other waste and less than 35 per cent of urban wastewater is treated. This poses a severe risk to public and environmental health. Urban waterbody rejuvenation in India often focuses on aesthetic improvements rather than addressing its systemic interdependencies with sanitation. This paper establishes these systemic links through a mixed-methods study using water-quality testing and stakeholder interviews in the city of Bengaluru, India. A conceptual system dynamics model of technical, social, institutional and environmental factors is developed. Results show that sewage leaks into lakes via stormwater drains are a major pollution pathway, among others. Three system levers for positive change have been identified: coordination of government entities, adequate faecal sludge management and strong citizen involvement. Citywide inclusive sanitation (CWIS) is proposed as an approach to provide leverage and solve the intertwined issues of public and environmental health.

印度 70% 以上的地表水受到人类排泄物和其他废物的污染，只有不到 35% 的城市废水得到处理。这对公众和环境健康构成严重风险。印度的城市水体复兴通常侧重于美学改进，而不是解决其与卫生设施的系统性相互依赖性。本文通过在印度班加罗尔市使用水质测试和利益相关者访谈的混合方法研究建立了这些系统性联系。开发了技术、社会、制度和环境因素的概念系统动力学模型。结果表明，污水通过雨水渠泄漏到湖泊中是主要的污染途径。已经确定了三个积极变革的系统杠杆：政府实体的协调，适当的粪便污泥管理和强烈的公民参与。全市包容性卫生设施 (CWIS) 被提议作为一种方法来提供杠杆作用并解决相互交织的公共和环境健康问题。