Drawing on ethnographic research in the United States and Israel, two countries that have long-term experience with surrogacy, we compare surrogates’ understanding of, approaches to, and expectations about regulation. Women who become surrogates in these two countries hold opposite views about regulation. US surrogates formulate their rejection of standardized regulation—including standardized screening and contracts—by emphasizing their own responsibility for the legal, relational, and medical aspects of surrogate pregnancy. They want more oversight of fertility clinics and surrogacy agencies but ultimately argue for individual accountability. Israeli surrogates, conversely, support centralized government regulation of the practice and even defend Israel’s centralized regulation of surrogacy; many advocate for the extension of the law and the state to assume more responsibility for these arrangements. We discuss these differing formations of legal consciousness in terms of Engel’s conceptualization of “individualism emphasizing personal responsibility” versus “rights-oriented individualism.”

利用美国和以色列这两个在代孕方面拥有长期经验的国家的民族志研究，我们比较了代孕者对监管的理解、方法和期望。在这两个国家成为代理人的女性对监管持相反的看法。美国代孕者通过强调他们自己对代孕的法律、关系和医学方面的责任来表达他们对标准化监管（包括标准化筛查和合同）的拒绝。他们希望对生育诊所和代孕机构进行更多监督，但最终主张个人问责制。相反，以色列代孕者支持政府对代孕的集中监管，甚至捍卫以色列对代孕的集中监管；许多人主张扩大法律和国家对这些安排承担更多责任。我们根据恩格尔的“强调个人责任的个人主义”与“以权利为导向的个人主义”的概念化来讨论这些不同的法律意识形成。