Lourens Baas Becking (1895-1963) was a Dutch plant physiologist, trained in the Botanical Laboratory of Utrecht University. After graduating in 1919, he worked in America at Stanford University, where he obtained his Doctor’s degree in 1921. From 1928, he was Herzstein Professor of Biology and Director of the Jacques Loeb Physiological Laboratory at the Hopkins Marine Station in Palo Alto. In 1931, he became Professor of General Botany at the University of Leiden. There, he and his staff and students continued to work on the research of microorganisms under extreme saline conditions. In 1939, he was appointed Director of the institutes of the Botanic Garden at Buitenzorg (Bogor) in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). In May 1940, when the war broke out, he was in Leiden to retire from his professorship. The war prevented his return to his family and the institutes in the East Indies. Baas Becking made several failed attempts to escape to England. These resulted in imprisonments by the German occupying authorities in Scheveningen (1940-1941) and in Utrecht and the German Zuchthaus in Siegburg (1944-1945). An ordeal that he barely survived due to the inhuman situation in the penitentiary and typhus.In July and August 1944, as a prisoner of the German Kriegsmarine in Utrecht, he wrote in seven weeks a manuscript of Geobiology, an essay on the relationship between living organisms and the earth. It was an update of his earlier ideas. Baas Becking had been inspired by Lawrence Henderson’s The Fitness of the Environment (1913), Victor Moritz Goldschmidt’s Der Stoffwechsel der Erde (1922) and Grundlagen der quantitativen Geochemie (1933), Alfred J. Lotka’s Elements of Physical Biology (1924) and Vladimir Vernadsky’s La Géochimie (1924). They were with Frank W. Clarke’s The Data of Geochemistry (1916), sources for his perception of The Universality of Life in 1927, which integrated Vernadsky’s concepts of biosphere and geosphere. Long before James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis defined the Gaia hypothesis in the early 1970s, Baas Becking discussed Gaia or Life and Earth in his inaugural address in 1931. In this tract he also succinctly summarised the ubiquity hypothesis, borrowed from the work of Martinus Beijerinck, as “Everything is everywhere, but the Milieu selects.” The biological “law” was further elaborated in Geobiologie of inleiding tot de milieukunde (1934, English version 2016, Baas Becking’s Geobiology).In the Utrecht prison Baas Becking wrote his scientific testament. In the ten years since the publication of Geobiologie, he “wished to do justice to the work that was performed in Leiden by so many workers”, in an English textbook. With a limited access to scientific literature, he wrote the manuscript Geobiology in a ledger in a barely legible handwriting. The document reflected his vast biological knowledge and his idea of mutual dependence of vital-units (cells, tissues, organs, organism, communities), either of a parasitic, mutualistic or commensalistic character. This relationship was elaborated in his model of symbiosis. His description of the role of man in Geobiology is a personal complaint of a geobiologist over the disastrous treatment of the earth by man. With his concept of “dissipation”, he introduced a material analogue for “the entropy lowering capacity of living systems”. It summarised his conviction that the human intellect and life condition were attributes of free will. Although Geobiology (1944) remained unfinished and had major gaps, it still is an inspiring memoir of a scientist who records his enlightened vision on the relationship between life and earth.In this issue of Geochemical Perspectives the manuscript of Geobiology is integrally transcribed, annotated, edited and introduced by Dr. Alexander J.P. Raat, who graduated in 1974 in Leiden as a plant physiologist. The transcript is published with the original illustrations. A sketch of Baas Becking’s life and works is part of the introduction. The annotation and introduction refer to many of his published and unpublished studies. Among these is an unpublished, further updated and revised version of Geobiology, which he completed in 1953 in Australia.L.G.M. Baas Becking1 April 1944 to T.1Concept!Not to be printed or cited LBBWritten without the aid of literatureGeobiology1. The problem2. The Earth3. The Milieu4. The Organisms5. Influence of the milieu upon the organisms6. Influence of the organisms upon the milieu7. Mutual influence of the organism.8. Man and the terrestrial milieu9. Description of natural milieu.10. Literature & Tables7-7-44 bis 25-8-44 Kriegswehrmachtgefängnis Utrecht“Die Welt is volkommen ueberall wo der Mensch nicht hinkommt mit seiner Qual”, W. Goethe.2[The world is all perfect except where man comes with his burden of agony.]Zur Beachtung [Please note]Dieses Manuskript ist in englischer Sprache abgefasst weil der Autör eine Kongreszsprache wählen musste um doppelte Arbeit zu umgehen und weil er das deutsche Idiom nicht genügent bewaltigt hat.[This manuscript is written in English because the author had to choose a congress language to avoid duplication of effort and because he did not adequately master the German idiom.]L.G.M. Baas Becking[in the right margin on top of the page, written in pencil in a box and scratched out]3 

中文翻译：

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地质学

Lourens Baas Becking (1895-1963) 是荷兰植物生理学家，曾在乌得勒支大学植物实验室接受培训。1919 年毕业后，他在美国斯坦福大学工作，并于 1921 年获得博士学位。从 1928 年起，他担任帕洛阿尔托霍普金斯海洋站的赫茨斯坦生物学教授和雅克勒布生理实验室主任。1931年，他成为莱顿大学的普通植物学教授。在那里，他和他的教职员工和学生继续从事极端盐碱条件下的微生物研究。1939 年，他被任命为荷属东印度群岛（印度尼西亚）Buitenzorg（茂物）植物园研究所所长。1940 年 5 月，战争爆发，他在莱顿从教授职位上退休。战争阻止了他回到他的家人和东印度群岛的研究所。Baas Becking 多次尝试逃往英国，但都失败了。这导致德国占领当局在席凡宁根（1940-1941 年）以及乌得勒支和锡格堡的德国 Zuchthaus（1944-1945 年）监禁。由于监狱中的不人道状况和斑疹伤寒，他勉强幸免于难。1944 年 7 月和 8 月，作为乌得勒支德国海军的囚犯，他在七周内写了一篇关于地球生物学的手稿，一篇关于生活与人类之间关系的文章生物和地球。这是他早期想法的更新。Baas Becking 的灵感来自 Lawrence Henderson 的 The Fitness of the Environment (1913)、Victor Moritz Goldschmidt 的 Der Stoffwechsel der Erde (1922) 和 Grundlagen derquantitn Geochemie (1933)、Alfred J. Lotka's Elements of Physical Biology (1924) 和 Vladimir Vernadsky's La Géochimie (1924)。他们与弗兰克·W·克拉克的地球化学数据（1916 年）在一起，这是他在 1927 年对生命的普遍性的看法的来源，其中整合了 Vernadsky 的生物圈和地圈概念。早在 James Lovelock 和 Lynn Margulis 在 1970 年代初定义盖亚假说之前，Baas Becking 在 1931 年的就职演说中就讨论了盖亚或生命与地球。正如“一切无处不在，但环境选择”。生物学“规律”在Geobiologie of inleiding tot de milieukunde（1934年，2016年英文版，Baas Becking's Geobiology）中得到了进一步阐述。Baas Becking在乌得勒支监狱写下了他的科学遗嘱。在《地球生物学》出版后的十年里，他在一本英文教科书中“希望公正地对待莱顿这么多工人在莱顿所做的工作”。由于接触科学文献的机会有限，他用几乎难以辨认的字迹将手稿《地球生物学》写在了一本分类账上。该文件反映了他丰富的生物学知识和他对重要单位（细胞、组织、器官、有机体、群落）相互依赖的想法，无论是寄生的、互惠的还是共生的。这种关系在他的共生模型中得到了详细阐述。他对人类在地球生物学中的作用的描述是地球生物学家对人类对地球的灾难性处理的个人抱怨。以他的“耗散”概念，他引入了“生命系统的熵降低能力”的物质类比。它总结了他的信念，即人类的智力和生活状况是自由意志的属性。尽管《地球生物学》（1944）仍未完成，并且存在重大差距，但它仍然是一位科学家的励志回忆录，记录了他对生命与地球之间关系的开明见解。在本期《地球化学展望》中，《地球生物学》的手稿被完整地转录、注释、由 1974 年毕业于莱顿的植物生理学家 Alexander JP Raat 博士编辑和介绍。成绩单与原始插图一起出版。Baas Becking 的生平和作品的草图是介绍的一部分。注释和引言参考了他的许多已发表和未发表的研究。其中有一本未出版的、进一步更新和修订的《地球生物学》，他于 1953 年在澳大利亚完成。LGM Baas Becking1 1944 年 4 月至 T.1 概念！不得印刷或引用 LBBW 在没有文献地质生物学1 的帮助下编写。问题2。地球3。环境 4. 有机体 5。环境对生物体的影响6。生物体对环境的影响 7。有机体的相互影响。 8．人和地球环境 9. 自然环境的描述。10。文学与表格 7-7-44 bis 25-8-44 Kriegswehrmachtgefängnis Utrecht“Die Welt is volkommen ueberall wo der Mensch nicht hinkommt mit seiner Qual”, W. Goethe.2痛苦。]Zur Beachtung [请注意]Dieses Manuskript ist in englischer Sprache abgefasst weil der Autör eine Kongreszsprache wählen musste um doppelte Arbeit zu umgehen und weil er das deutsche Idiom nicht genügent bewaltigt hat。