In his monograph Z teorii dyrektyw i norm [From the Theory of Directives and Norms] (1974) Kazimierz Opałek, apart from other issues, analyzes directives, optatives and evaluative statements as utterances belonging to the directive discourse and deals with a question of the logical-semantic status of the utterances. Opałek’s main critique concerns the logical-semantic status of the topic – the concept introduced by Alf Ross. Opałek demonstrates that directives cannot be represented by Ross’s formula: ‘d(T)’ (where d stands for the directive operator and T represents the neutral phrase, called ‘topic’). Polish legal theorist claims that the correct symbolic formula for directive structure is: ‘D(ut p)’. Such a formula for directive contains, besides the directive operator D, a sentence in a subjunctive mood, introduced by the ut- or utinam- connective clause.

在他的专着Z teorii dyrektyw i norm [From the Theory of Directives and Norms] (1974) 中，Kazimierz Opałek 除了其他问题外，还分析了指令、选项和评价性陈述作为属于指令话语的话语，并处理了逻辑的问题-话语的语义状态。Opałek 的主要批评涉及该主题的逻辑语义状态——阿尔夫罗斯引入的概念。Opałek 证明指令不能用 Ross 的公式表示：' d(T) '（其中d代表指令运算符，T代表中性短语，称为“主题”）。波兰法律理论家声称指令结构的正确符号公式是：'D( utp）'。这样的指令公式除了指令运算符 D 之外，还包含一个虚拟语气的句子，由ut-或utinam-连接从句引入。