Wittman, F. (2016). Halfway there – The evolution of local alcohol control in California. Part I: The system as it has developed. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 5(3), 101-107. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i3.228Local control over retail alcohol sales in California cities provides substantial capacity to reduce and prevent alcohol-related harm. This paper shows how local control works in California to prevent harm at retail alcohol outlets. Prior to issuing a retail license to an outlet operator, the state Alcoholic Beverage Control Department (ABC) waits until the local jurisdiction (city or county) issues a land-use permit (also called a zoning permit or use permit). Localities have discretionary authority to impose preventive “conditions” on the use permit to protect public health and safety by imposing restrictions on setting design, operation, and hours of operation for the retail alcohol outlet. Within the state/local control system, city options include Level 1 permissive zoning (no restrictions), Level 2 problem-solving zoning (restrictions on new/expanded outlets), and Level 3 community oversight (restrictions on existing and new outlets). Since 1980 the scope of local control has progressed from nil (Level 1 permissive zoning) to Level 3 preventive surveillance for all outlets. Higher-level zoning requires local politics in which the ABC is not involved. A companion article (Wittman, 2016) describes the evolution of local control for retail alcohol availability in California’s local jurisdictions from 1980 to 2015.

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半途而废——加利福尼亚当地酒精控制的演变。第一部分：已开发的系统

惠特曼 F.（2016 年）。半途而废——加利福尼亚当地酒精控制的演变。第一部分：已开发的系统。国际酒精和药物研究杂志，5（3），101-107。doi：http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i3.228加州城市对零售酒类销售的本地控制为减少和预防与酒精相关的伤害提供了巨大的能力。本文介绍了加利福尼亚州的地方控制如何防止零售酒类商店受到伤害。在向直销店经营者颁发零售许可证之前，州酒精饮料控制部门 (ABC) 会等到当地司法管辖区（市或县）颁发土地使用许可证（也称为分区许可证或使用许可证）。地方有权对使用许可证施加预防性“条件”，通过限制酒精零售店的设置设计、运营和营业时间来保护公众健康和安全。在州/地方控制系统中，城市选项包括 1 级许可分区（无限制）、2 级解决问题的分区（限制新/扩建的网点）和 3 级社区监督（限制现有和新网点）。自 1980 年以来，地方控制的范围已从零（1 级许可分区）发展到对所有网点的 3 级预防性监视。更高级别的分区需要 ABC 不参与的地方政治。一篇伴随文章（Wittman，