The paper aims to analyse how the different economic phases that Spain has experienced in the first two decades of the 21st century (expansion, recession, and recovery) have influenced population stocks and migratory flows in the five largest metropolitan areas defined as Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) in Spain: Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Seville and Valencia. Using Padrón Continuo (municipal registers) and Estadística de Variaciones Residenciales (residential change statistics) as data sources, both native and immigrant – i.e. born abroad – stocks, and internal and international migration flows are analysed. We study differences between (a) diverse groups of foreigners (by continental origin), also comparing them to natives; and (b) different types of residential mobility by migrants’ previous place of residence: “intrametropolitan” movements (between urban cores and peripheries), migration flows between the five urban areas and the rest of Spain, and international migration. Results show that intrametropolitan migration flows between the five urban cores and their peripheries were characterised by suburbanisation during the expansion phase. These flows were particularly relevant for Spanish-born persons and, among foreign-born migrants, for people born in the Americas (mainly Latin Americans). These flows to the suburban periphery decreased during the economic crisis, and in 2013 and 2014 net intrametropolitan migration of most foreign groups was characterised by recentralisation. Spaniards’ intrametropolitan movements almost reached equilibrium during the recession years: Natives decreased their moves from cores to rings, while they were increasingly attracted to urban centres. Owing to the incipient economic recovery, suburbanisation is progressively recovering its previous strength. As for other types of residential moves, foreign-born migrants moving from abroad and the rest of Spain to the five FUAs during the economic expansion phase reversed the direction of their flows in the economic crisis years, migrating abroad or dispersing throughout Spain in search of jobs. Consequently, their stocks declined in some years. Currently, due to the incipient economic recovery, the five FUAs are attracting internal and international foreign-born immigrants once again, so their foreign-born population stocks are increasing in both cores and peripheries. Spaniards show the opposite behaviour regarding flows to and from the five areas analysed – they tended to disperse throughout the rest of Spain during the economic expansion phase. This trend continued during the crisis years, but at a slower pace, as natives became increasingly attracted to urban cores. Furthermore, this latter trend has strengthened during the post-crisis years. Finally, considering foreign-born and Spanish populations together, large urban areas are increasingly attractive. This global tendency is to the detriment of rural areas and of non-metropolitan small and medium size towns, which lose population due to negative net migration. * This article belongs to a special issue on “Internal Migration as a Driver of Regional Population Change in Europe: Updating Ravenstein”.

中文翻译：

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西班牙主要城市地区的人口和经济周期：移民部分

本文旨在分析西班牙在 21 世纪头 20 年经历的不同经济阶段（扩张、衰退和复苏）如何影响被定义为功能性城市区的五个最大都市区的人口存量和移民流动（ FUAs) 在西班牙：巴塞罗那、毕尔巴鄂、马德里、塞维利亚和瓦伦西亚。使用 Padrón Continuo（市政登记）和 Estadística de Variaciones Residenciales（住宅变化统计）作为数据源，分析了本地和移民（即在国外出生）的存量以及国内和国际移民流动。我们研究 (a) 不同群体的外国人（按大陆出身）之间的差异，还将他们与当地人进行比较；(b) 移民以前居住地的不同类型的居住流动性：“都市内”运动（城市核心和外围之间）、五个城市地区与西班牙其他地区之间的移民流动以及国际移民。结果表明，五个城市核心及其外围之间的都市内迁移流动在扩张阶段以郊区化为特征。这些流动与西班牙出生的人特别相关，在外国出生的移民中，与出生在美洲的人（主要是拉丁美洲）有关。在经济危机期间，这些流向郊区的流动减少了，并且在 2013 年和 2014 年，大多数外国群体的城市内净移民的特点是中心化。在经济衰退时期，西班牙人的都市内运动几乎达到平衡：当地人减少了从核心到环的移动，而他们越来越被城市中心所吸引。由于经济复苏初期，郊区化正在逐步恢复其先前的实力。至于其他类型的居住迁移，在经济扩张阶段从国外和西班牙其他地区迁移到五个 FUA 的外国出生的移民在经济危机年份扭转了他们的流动方向，移民到国外或分散在整个西班牙寻找工作。因此，他们的股票在某些年份有所下降。目前，由于经济复苏初期，五区外籍人口再次吸引国内和国际外籍移民，其外籍人口存量在核心和外围均呈上升趋势。西班牙人在流入和流出所分析的五个地区的情况下表现出相反的行为——在经济扩张阶段，他们往往分散在西班牙其他地区。这一趋势在危机年代继续存在，但速度较慢，因为当地人越来越被城市核心区所吸引。此外，后一种趋势在后危机时期有所加强。最后，考虑到外国出生的人口和西班牙人口，大城市地区越来越有吸引力。这种全球趋势不利于农村地区和非大都市中小型城镇，这些城镇因负净移民而失去人口。* 本文属于“内部移民作为欧洲区域人口变化的驱动力：更新拉文斯坦”的特刊。