Although seventeenth-century Manila has been anointed the birthplace of global trade and its diversity is well-established, how individuals navigated that milieu is only recently coming to light. To elucidate how various persons experienced Manila, this article assembles and analyzes nearly one hundred denunciations of sorcery (hechicería) made to the Philippine branch of the Inquisition between ca. 1620 and 1650. The hexes and spells sold in this period promised material and physical benefits. Individuals purchased or learned about spells primarily from Indigenous Philippine peoples, but also from Manila’s Moluccan, Indian, and Japanese residents who either imitated Philippine hexes or marketed their own, distinct spells. This exchange took place outside Manila’s city walls, in the sprawling city of Extramuros, where frequent interactions between diverse peoples facilitated exchange and even contributed to the emergence of novel, hybridized hexes mixing Catholic invocations and Philippine rituals. Cumulatively, what these denunciations of a minor crime capture is the everyday interactions between diverse peoples that defined Manila. In the process, they establish how residents experienced and navigated the world’s first global city.

中文翻译：

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两尾蜥蜴：法术、民间知识和在马尼拉航行，1620-1650

尽管 17 世纪的马尼拉被指定为全球贸易的发源地，并且其多样性已经确立，但人们如何驾驭这种环境直到最近才被曝光。为了阐明不同的人是如何体验马尼拉的，本文汇集并分析了大约 100 次对菲律宾宗教裁判所分部的巫术 (hechicería) 的谴责。1620 年和 1650 年。这一时期出售的妖术和咒语承诺了物质和物质利益。个人主要从菲律宾土著人民那里购买或学习法术，但也从马尼拉的摩鹿加人、印度和日本居民那里购买或学习法术，这些居民要么模仿菲律宾的巫术，要么推销自己独特的法术。这次交流发生在马尼拉城墙外，在广阔的埃斯特穆罗斯市，不同民族之间的频繁互动促进了交流，甚至促成了混合天主教祈求和菲律宾仪式的新颖、混合的咒语的出现。累积起来，这些对轻微犯罪的谴责所捕捉到的是定义马尼拉的不同民族之间的日常互动。在此过程中，他们确定了居民如何体验和驾驭世界上第一个全球城市。