Abstract Immigration enforcement in the United States has undergone a revolutionary transformation over the past three decades. Once episodic, border-focused, and generally confined to the efforts of a relatively small federal agency, immigration enforcement is now exceedingly well-funded and integrated deeply into the everyday policing of the interior United States. Not only are federal immigration agents more numerous and ubiquitous in the interior, but immigration enforcement has been integrated into the policing practices of state and local officials who once saw their purview as largely distinct from that of federal immigration enforcement agents. This essay briefly explains these developments, from shortly before the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 through the present day, and assesses their consequences. It includes a brief discussion of the ways states and localities have responded to federal enforcement trends, whether through amplification or constraint.

中文翻译：

---

刑法与移民控制：近期历史与未来可能性

摘要 在过去的三年中，美国的移民执法经历了革命性的转变。曾经是偶发性的、以边境为重点的，并且通常仅限于一个相对较小的联邦机构的努力，移民执法现在资金非常充足，并深深地融入了美国内陆的日常警务。不仅联邦移民代理在内地数量更多且无处不在，而且移民执法已被纳入州和地方官员的警务实践中，他们曾经认为自己的职权范围与联邦移民执法人员的职权范围大不相同。本文简要解释了从 1986 年《移民改革和控制法》通过前不久到现在的这些发展，并评估其后果。它包括对各州和地方对联邦执法趋势的反应方式的简要讨论，无论是通过放大还是限制。