Abstract In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a test of whether a machine was intelligent: could a machine imitate a human so well that its answers to questions were indistinguishable from a human's? Ever since, creating intelligence that matches human intelligence has implicitly or explicitly been the goal of thousands of researchers, engineers, and entrepreneurs. The benefits of human-like artificial intelligence (HLAI) include soaring productivity, increased leisure, and perhaps most profoundly a better understanding of our own minds. But not all types of AI are human-like-in fact, many of the most powerful systems are very different from humans-and an excessive focus on developing and deploying HLAI can lead us into a trap. As machines become better substitutes for human labor, workers lose economic and political bargaining power and become increasingly dependent on those who control the technology. In contrast, when AI is focused on augmenting humans rather than mimicking them, humans retain the power to insist on a share of the value created. What is more, augmentation creates new capabilities and new products and services, ultimately generating far more value than merely human-like AI. While both types of AI can be enormously beneficial, there are currently excess incentives for automation rather than augmentation among technologists, business executives, and policy-makers.

中文翻译：

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图灵陷阱：类人人工智能的前景与危险

摘要 1950 年，艾伦·图灵（Alan Turing）提出了一个机器是否智能的测试：机器能否很好地模仿人类，以至于它对问题的回答与人类无法区分？从那时起，创造与人类智能相匹配的智能一直是数以千计的研究人员、工程师和企业家的目标。类人人工智能 (HLAI) 的好处包括提高生产力、增加闲暇时间，或许更深刻地理解我们自己的思想。但并非所有类型的人工智能都与人类相似——事实上，许多最强大的系统与人类非常不同——过度关注开发和部署 HLAI 可能会将我们带入陷阱。随着机器成为人类劳动力的更好替代品，工人失去了经济和政治议价能力，越来越依赖控制技术的人。相比之下，当人工智能专注于增强人类而不是模仿人类时，人类保留了坚持分享所创造价值的权力。更重要的是，增强创造了新的能力、新的产品和服务，最终产生的价值远远超过仅仅类似于人类的人工智能。虽然这两种类型的人工智能都可以带来巨大的好处，但目前在技术专家、企业高管和政策制定者之间存在着对自动化的过度激励，而不是增强。增强创造了新的能力、新的产品和服务，最终产生的价值远远超过了类人人工智能。虽然这两种类型的人工智能都可以带来巨大的好处，但目前在技术专家、企业高管和政策制定者之间存在着对自动化的过度激励，而不是增强。增强创造了新的能力、新的产品和服务，最终产生的价值远远超过了类人人工智能。虽然这两种类型的人工智能都可以带来巨大的好处，但目前在技术专家、企业高管和政策制定者之间存在着对自动化的过度激励，而不是增强。