Abstract This essay examines the constitutional muddle of the administrative state with reference to how agencies operate–it looks at a hedgehog's problem from the fox's perspective. Not only does the structure and delegated authority of administrative agencies often exist in substantial tension with the Constitution, but agencies regularly fail to act in a manner that promotes “constitutional values.” Drawing from my experience as regulatory czar, I explain that regulatory policy is frequently developed with little regard for separation of powers, political accountability, due process, or other values drawn from the Constitution. Proponents of the status quo thus cannot rely on such values to legitimize the ever-expanding activity of administrative agencies.

中文翻译：

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行政法中的刺猬与狐狸

摘要 本文从机构运作的角度考察了行政国家的宪法混乱——它从狐狸的角度来看待刺猬的问题。不仅行政机构的结构和授权经常与宪法存在很大的紧张关系，而且行政机构经常无法以促进“宪法价值观”的方式行事。根据我作为监管沙皇的经验，我解释说监管政策的制定经常很少考虑权力分立、政治责任、正当程序或宪法中的其他价值观。因此，现状的支持者不能依靠这些价值观来使行政机构不断扩大的活动合法化。