Governments have widely established policy goals, which span the domains of land use and transport. Despite these integrated ambitions, government action often remains fragmented. This study adopts an instrumental perspective to encourage land-use and transport integration (LUTI). So far, the existing literature on this subject has adopted a single-instrument perspective and has been primarily focused on technical, rather than governance-oriented, instruments. Using a comprehensive analytical framework derived from combining policy integration and policy instrument theory, this in-depth multiple case study of the Dutch provinces of Friesland, Overijssel and North Brabant investigates how governments use a mix of policy instruments throughout the policy process to achieve LUTI in collaboration with municipalities. These instruments are compared based on how they structure interaction — i.e., the transfer of resources — across horizontal and vertical boundaries. The study finds that there is not one right tool to achieve LUTI. Instead, it is about finding the right mix of instruments, which, in line with LUTI goals, helps overcome government fragmentation by structuring interaction patterns across horizontal and vertical boundaries. Interestingly, each province adopts a unique mix of instruments that reflects a specific approach, typical to the case.

中文翻译：

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为工作找到合适的工具：荷兰土地利用和交通一体化的仪器组合

政府已广泛制定政策目标，涵盖土地使用和交通领域。尽管有这些综合的雄心壮志，但政府的行动往往仍然是零散的。本研究采用工具视角来鼓励土地利用和交通一体化（LUTI）。到目前为止，关于该主题的现有文献都采用单一工具的观点，主要关注技术工具，而不是面向治理的工具。使用源自政策整合和政策工具理论的综合分析框架，对荷兰弗里斯兰省、上艾瑟尔省和北布拉班特省的深入多个案例研究调查了政府如何在整个政策过程中使用多种政策工具来实现 LUTI与市政当局的合作。这些工具是根据它们如何构建跨水平和垂直边界的交互（即资源转移）进行比较的。研究发现，没有一种正确的工具可以实现 LUTI。相反，它是关于找到正确的工具组合，这符合 LUTI 的目标，通过构建跨水平和垂直边界的交互模式来帮助克服政府分裂。有趣的是，每个省都采用了独特的工具组合，这些工具反映了案例中典型的特定方法。通过构建跨越水平和垂直边界的交互模式，帮助克服政府的分裂。有趣的是，每个省都采用了独特的工具组合，这些工具反映了案例中典型的特定方法。通过构建跨越水平和垂直边界的交互模式，帮助克服政府的分裂。有趣的是，每个省都采用了独特的工具组合，这些工具反映了案例中典型的特定方法。