Abstract. The results of prior research investigating whether the violence in violent video games leads to increased subsequent aggression are mixed. Some observers question whether the difficulty and/or the competitive aspects of these games are important, but overlooked, factors that also affect aggression. In the present study, participants ( N = 408) played a violent or nonviolent video game that was either difficult or easy and in which they competed and won, competed and lost, or did not compete against another player. Results revealed that participants became more aggressive only after playing a competitive, as opposed to a noncompetitive, game. Level of violence, winning or losing, and game difficulty did not have any significant effect. These results support the assertion that competition in video games has an independent and significant effect on subsequent aggression beyond violent content and game difficulty.

中文翻译：

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只有暴力吗？

摘要。先前调查暴力视频游戏中的暴力是否会导致随后的攻击性增加的研究结果好坏参半。一些观察者质疑这些游戏的难度和/或竞争方面是否重要但被忽视的因素也会影响攻击性。在本研究中，参与者 (N = 408) 玩了一个暴力或非暴力视频游戏，该游戏或难或易，他们在其中竞争并获胜、竞争和失败，或者不与其他玩家竞争。结果显示，与非竞争性游戏相比，参与者只有在玩了竞争性游戏后才会变得更具攻击性。暴力程度、输赢和游戏难度没有任何显着影响。