ABSTRACT Manchester experienced an astonishing rate of growth from the late 18th century to become the first industrial town in the world by the 1830s. Its industrial prowess was fuelled by remarkable engineering talent that was drawn from across the country, coupled with the migration of workers on a scale that was unprecedented and unforeseen. The living conditions, sanitation and health of the burgeoning ranks of urban poor had become a pressing issue for social concern in many towns by the mid-19th century, and the introduction of public baths and wash-houses was an early attempt at redress. These important facilities represented the first civil-engineering projects that were implemented explicitly for the poor, and some of the earliest in the country were established in Manchester and Salford by private enterprise and combined innovative technology with impressive architectural detailing that exuded civic pride, setting a high standard for later swimming baths. Several of these pioneering public baths have been subject to archaeological excavation since 2014, making an important contribution to understanding this significant but dwindling monument type.

中文翻译：

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在洗漱中出来：调查曼彻斯特的公共浴室和洗衣房

摘要 曼彻斯特从 18 世纪后期开始以惊人的速度增长，到 1830 年代成为世界上第一个工业城镇。它的工业实力得益于来自全国各地的杰出工程人才，以及前所未有和无法预料的大规模工人迁移。到 19 世纪中叶，新兴城市贫民阶层的生活条件、卫生和健康已成为许多城镇社会关注的紧迫问题，公共浴室和盥洗室的引入是早期的补救尝试。这些重要的设施代表了第一个明确为穷人实施的土木工程项目，该国最早的一些由私营企业在曼彻斯特和索尔福德建立，并将创新技术与令人印象深刻的建筑细节相结合，散发出公民自豪感，为后来的游泳浴场设定了高标准。自 2014 年以来，这些开创性的公共浴池中的一些已进行了考古发掘，为了解这一重要但日益减少的纪念碑类型做出了重要贡献。