This paper is the first to compile the accounts of Western explorers to Hawai‘i who used volcanic heat. During the 1800s, Western explorers used volcanic heat when climbing and surveying Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes in Hawai‘i. The explorers cooked food on steam vents and lava streams. They drank condensed water from volcanic steam and bathed in a warm basin and warm springs. They warmed themselves near steam cracks and a lava stream, lit cigarettes with Kīlauea’s lava lake, and collected rocks. To confirm the presence of volcanic heat, this study uses geothermal resource maps and data from the Hawai‘i Play Fairway project. The areas where the explorers used volcanic heat have a probability of volcanic heat of 0.7 to 1.0, and elevated temperatures in nearby water wells indicate heat sources. Kīlauea and Mauna Loa erupted numerous times, and the surrounding areas experienced volcanic steam releases and lava flows. The explorers used volcanic heat to facilitate not only their survival but also the Western exploration and scientific investigation of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes.

中文翻译：

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西部探险者和夏威夷的火山热

这篇论文是第一篇汇编西方探险家到夏威夷使用火山热的记录。在 1800 年代，西方探险家在攀登和测量夏威夷的基拉韦厄火山和莫纳罗亚火山时使用了火山热。探险家们在蒸汽喷口和熔岩流中烹制食物。他们喝火山蒸汽中的冷凝水，沐浴在温暖的盆地和温暖的泉水中。他们在蒸汽裂缝和熔岩流附近取暖，用基拉韦厄的熔岩湖点燃香烟，收集岩石。为了确认火山热的存在，本研究使用了地热资源图和来自 Hawai'i Play Fairway 项目的数据。探险者使用火山热的区域发生火山热的概率为0.7到1.0，附近水井温度升高表明有热源。基拉韦厄和莫纳罗亚火山爆发了无数次，周边地区经历了火山蒸汽释放和熔岩流。探险家们利用火山热不仅促进了他们的生存，也促进了西方对基拉韦厄火山和莫纳罗亚火山的探索和科学研究。