Commons studies have emphasized the importance of customary rights and informal institutions, arguing that if there is a gap between formal ownership titles and customary rights, then the latter must be respected. However, as customary practices weaken, the influence of state legal systems and registered titles becomes stronger. When the commons is registered under multiple co-owners’ names, the commoners come to believe that they hold a normal common property and keep these rights even after they leave the village. This phenomenon, called legalization, leads to the tragedy of the anticommons because the number of rights holders outside the village increases. This paper explains the underuse of Japanese common property forests due to this legalization, especially in terms of two points derived from microdata analysis of the 2000 census. First, in the case of multiple co-owners, the number of ex-villagers who keep their rights is very high. Second, when ex-villagers keep their rights and the registered name includes multiple coowners, forestry activities are most infrequent. This paper names this situation “Bundle of Rights Reversed,” in which those outside the community have strong rights to prevent change in forest use, and propose the application of a different legal rule. This framework would be useful for a comparative study on the formalization of commons tenure rights.

中文翻译：

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权利捆绑颠倒：由于合法化，日本公共财产森林中的反公地

Commons 研究强调了习惯权利和非正式制度的重要性，认为如果正式所有权和习惯权利之间存在差距，则必须尊重后者。然而，随着习惯做法的减弱，国家法律制度和注册头衔的影响越来越大。当公地以多个共同所有人的名义登记时，平民开始相信他们拥有正常的共同财产，并且即使在他们离开村庄后仍保留这些权利。这种被称为合法化的现象导致了反公地的悲剧，因为村外权利人的数量增加了。本文解释了由于这种合法化而导致日本公共财产森林的未充分利用，特别是从 2000 年人口普查的微观数据分析得出的两个观点。第一的，在多个共有人的情况下，保留权利的前村民人数非常多。其次，当原村民保有权益且注册名称包括多个共同所有者时，林业活动最为罕见。本文将这种情况命名为“一揽子权利倒转”，即社区之外的人拥有阻止森林利用变化的强大权利，并建议适用不同的法律规则。该框架将有助于对公地使用权的正式化进行比较研究。”其中社区以外的人拥有阻止森林利用变化的强大权利，并建议适用不同的法律规则。该框架将有助于对公地使用权的正式化进行比较研究。”其中社区以外的人拥有阻止森林利用变化的强大权利，并建议适用不同的法律规则。该框架将有助于对公地使用权的正式化进行比较研究。