Nowadays, countries across the world aspire to increase their innovation for the common good. In this scope, and among others, the Triple Helix thesis emphasizes the role of collaboration between stakeholders from academia, industry and government to bring about effective innovation. Despite efforts to encourage university-industry (U-I) collaboration, bridging U-I barriers remains among the relevant economic and policy challenges. Among other aspects, it has been argued that the tendency to transfer tools from developed to underdeveloped countries hinders the capacity to obtain the full potential of U-I collaboration. As no empirical study validating such hypothesis has been identified, our study tests i/ whether U-I collaboration has a different impact on growth depending on the level of economic development, ii/ whether the impacts of specific governmental measures on U-I collaboration differ at different levels of economic development. Our findings suggest that up till now the potential of U-I collaboration remains underutilized across all levels of development. Our results show that diversified policy measures are relevant at different development levels. Furthermore, their relevance may also evolve over time. However, such factors as quality of research institutions and private R&D investments are critical across development levels and time.

如今，世界各国都渴望为共同利益增加创新。在这个范围内，三螺旋理论强调学术界、工业界和政府的利益相关者之间的合作对于实现有效创新的作用。尽管努力鼓励大学与产业 ( UI ) 合作，但弥合UI障碍仍然是相关经济和政策挑战之一。在其他方面，有人认为将工具从发达国家转移到欠发达国家的趋势阻碍了获得UI协作的全部潜力的能力。由于没有发现验证这种假设的实证研究，我们的研究测试了UI是否协作对增长的影响取决于经济发展水平，ii/特定政府措施对UI协作的影响是否因经济发展水平不同而不同。我们的研究结果表明，到目前为止，UI协作的潜力在所有开发级别上仍未得到充分利用。我们的结果表明，多样化的政策措施适用于不同的发展水平。此外，它们的相关性也可能随着时间的推移而演变。然而，研究机构的质量和私人研发投资等因素在发展水平和时间上都至关重要。