Abstract The concept of just transition is included in the texts that establish the energy policy of the European Union (EU), in particular in the texts relating to the European Green Deal. The idea refers to the need to compensate the inhabitants of those regions where coal-fired power plants or coalmines are closed, to try to maintain employment and activity. There is a proposal for a regulation that establishes a Just Transition Fund, as the main element of the Just Transition Mechanism. The fund is the focus in coal areas. This norm is inserted in the set of norms for the reconstruction of Europe (NextGenerationEU). The same idea of just transition is found in the laws that various European countries have passed (or are proposing to pass), such as the UK, Germany, Spain and Poland. It is assumed that energy justice requires that in those areas where new forms of electricity production are being implemented, using renewable sources of energy, which displace coal, workers must be compensated. This perspective is the one that has become general, due to the influence of the energy policy of the EU and its law. This article does also show that limiting the just transition to coal problems is inadequate, since the transition generates other problems related to energy justice (such as the implementation of renewable facilities in rural areas, environmental impacts, energy poverty, etc). In other words, the article highlights that there are several potential winners and losers in the energy transition, other than coal regions and workers. To illustrate that idea we pick three remarkable examples: (i) the mining of lithium, since it is a key for electric mobility, but can create environmental and/or social problems; (ii) damages to rural areas from wind or sun installations (iii) and the increase of energy poverty.

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迈向公正的能源转型：对欧洲现有政策和法规的批判性分析

摘要 公平过渡的概念包含在制定欧盟（EU）能源政策的文本中，特别是与欧洲绿色协议相关的文本中。这个想法是指需要补偿那些关闭燃煤电厂或煤矿的地区的居民，以维持就业和活动。有一项关于建立公正过渡基金的法规的提案，作为公正过渡机制的主要组成部分。该基金的重点是煤炭领域。该规范被插入到欧洲重建规范集（NextGenerationEU）中。在英国、德国、西班牙和波兰等多个欧洲国家已经通过（或打算通过）的法律中也可以找到同样的公正过渡理念。假设能源正义要求在那些正在实施新形式电力生产的地区，使用替代煤炭的可再生能源，工人必须得到补偿。由于欧盟能源政策及其法律的影响，这一观点已成为普遍观点。本文也确实表明，将公正转型限制在煤炭问题上是不够的，因为转型会产生与能源正义相关的其他问题（例如农村地区可再生设施的实施、环境影响、能源贫困等）。换句话说，文章强调，除了煤炭地区和工人之外，能源转型还有几个潜在的赢家和输家。为了说明这个想法，我们选择了三个显着的例子：（i）锂的开采，因为它是电动汽车的关键，但会产生环境和/或社会问题；(ii) 风能或太阳能设施对农村地区造成的损害 (iii) 以及能源贫困加剧。