This systematic review aimed to identify how tele-mentoring systems that incorporate augmented reality (AR) technology are being used in healthcare environments. A total of 12 electronic bibliographic databases were searched using the terms “augmented reality”, “tele-mentoring” and “health”. The PRISMA checklist was used as a guide for reporting. The mixed method appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of the included experiments. The data were then analysed using a concept-centric approach and categorised primarily with regards to system performance and task performance measures. A total of 11 randomised controlled trials and 14 non-randomised designs were included for review. Both mentees and mentors assessed the system and task performance according to 25 categories. The feedback of mentees using AR tele-mentoring systems was generally positive. The majority of experiments revealed that the AR system was an effective tele-mentoring device overall and resulted in the effective performance of a procedure. Benefits included improvements in trainees’ confidence, task completion time and reductions in task errors and shifts in focus. However, the systems had limitations, including heaviness of the equipment, inconvenience, discomfort and distraction of wearing devices, limited battery life, the latency of video and audio signals and limited field of view.   Implications for practice or policy: Health practitioners can apply AR technology to receive and follow real-time annotated instructions verbally and visually from remote experts. Technical developers may consider improving AR devices in terms of lighter weight, larger field of view, more ergonomic design, more stable network connection and longer battery life. Further AR-related experiments may need to explore AR tele-mentoring systems’ utility across healthcare environments with larger samples, real patient populations in remote settings, cost-benefit analysis and impacts on short- and long-term patient outcomes.

中文翻译：

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在医疗保健中使用增强现实技术进行远程指导：系统评价

该系统评价旨在确定结合增强现实 (AR) 技术的远程指导系统如何在医疗保健环境中使用。使用术语“增强现实”、“远程指导”和“健康”搜索了总共 12 个电子书目数据库。PRISMA 清单被用作报告指南。混合方法评估工具用于评估纳入实验的质量。然后使用以概念为中心的方法对数据进行分析，并主要根据系统性能和任务性能度量进行分类。共纳入 11 项随机对照试验和 14 项非随机设计进行审查。学员和导师都根据 25 个类别评估了系统和任务绩效。使用 AR 远程指导系统的学员的反馈总体上是积极的。大多数实验表明，AR 系统总体上是一种有效的远程指导设备，并导致程序的有效执行。好处包括提高受训人员的信心、任务完成时间以及减少任务错误和注意力转移。然而，这些系统存在局限性，包括设备沉重、佩戴设备不便、不适和分心、电池寿命有限、视频和音频信号延迟以及视野有限。对实践或政策的影响：健康从业者可以应用 AR 技术来接收和遵循远程专家口头和视觉的实时注释指令。技术开发者可以考虑从更轻的重量、更大的视野、更符合人体工程学的设计、更稳定的网络连接和更长的电池寿命方面来改进 AR 设备。进一步的 AR 相关实验可能需要探索 AR 远程指导系统在医疗环境中的效用，包括更大的样本、远程环境中的真实患者群体、成本效益分析以及对短期和长期患者结果的影响。