This article analyses the relationship between migration, care work, and welfare provision, highlighting the role of Latin American migrants in Spain as providers of formal and informal social protection on a transnational scale. It contributes to the debate on transnational social protection and transnational social inequalities from the perspective of welfare paradoxes and interpersonal pacts. Migrant women in Spain have become a resource for the provision of formal social protection through their employment as domestic care workers. Nevertheless, given that access to social rights in Spain depends on job stability and residency status, they have difficulties in accessing formal social protection themselves. This process constitutes a “welfare paradox,” based on the commodification and exclusion paradoxes, explained by structural factors such as the characteristics of the welfare regime (familiaristic model, with a tendency to hire domestic workers as caregivers into households), the migration regime (feminised and with a clear leaning towards Latin American women), and the economic landscape resulting from two systemic crises: the great recession of 2008 and the Covid‐19 pandemic. Interpersonal pacts, rooted in marriage/couple and intergenerational agreements, and their infringements, are analysed to explain the transnational and informal social protection strategies in the context of the “exclusion paradox” and the breach of the “welfare pact.” Our research draws on the exploitation of secondary data and multi‐sited, longitudinal fieldwork based on biographical interviews conducted with various members of transnational families in Spain and Ecuador (41 interviews).

中文翻译：

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福利悖论和人际契约：西班牙拉丁美洲移民的跨国社会保护

本文分析了移民、护理工作和福利提供之间的关系，强调了拉丁美洲移民在西班牙作为跨国范围内正式和非正式社会保护提供者的作用。它有助于从福利悖论和人际契约的角度讨论跨国社会保护和跨国社会不平等。西班牙的移徙妇女已成为提供正规社会保护的资源，她们受雇为家庭护理员。然而，鉴于在西班牙获得社会权利取决于工作稳定性和居住状况，他们自己很难获得正式的社会保护。这个过程构成了基于商品化和排斥悖论的“福利悖论”，由结构性因素解释，例如福利制度的特点（熟悉模式，倾向于雇用家庭工人作为家庭照顾者）、移民制度（女性化并明显倾向于拉丁美洲妇女）以及由此产生的经济格局来自两次系统性危机：2008 年的大衰退和 Covid-19 大流行。分析植根于婚姻/夫妻和代际协议的人际契约及其侵权行为，以解释在“排斥悖论”和违反“福利契约”背景下的跨国和非正式社会保护策略。我们的研究利用了二手数据和多站点，