This paper examines changes and trends in tributary gifts (pangmul 方物) sent by Chosŏn regular envoys to the Ming Emperor during the 15th and 17th centuries. First, pangmul items sent by the Chosŏn to the Ming were partially inherited from the Koryŏ era. Second, it examines how King Sejong’s 1429 request that the Chosŏn court pay its tribute by means other than gold and silver led the court to offer specialty goods as tribute instead of precious metals. It then moves on to explore how economic scarcity resulting from the Imjin Wars of 1592 led Chosŏn pangmul to be composed mostly of folding fans and stationery items such as paper (kyŏngmyŏnji, paekmyŏnji, and oil paper), inkstones (hwayŏn), ink (chinmuk and yumaemuk) and writing brushes (hwangmopil)–the dynasty’s common, major export goods. After the war, the Chosŏn dynasty regained stability and returned to its pre-war pangmul practices. However, the pangmul were not completely fixed and showed tentative patterns, going back and forth between the practices of the 15th century and the new circumstances of the 17th century. In short, this paper explores how pangmul practices were not completely fixed, and how contingencies such as the war and the changing landscape of manufacturing in 16th-century Korea influenced the composition of Chosŏn pangmul.

中文翻译：

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朝鲜朝明朝贡物（Pangmul 方物）及其变化趋势

本文考察了 15 世纪和 17 世纪朝鲜正使向明朝皇帝赠送的贡品（pangmul 方物）的变化和趋势。首先，朝鲜送给明朝的庞穆物品部分是从高丽时代继承下来的。其次，它考察了世宗大王 1429 年要求朝鲜朝廷以金银以外的方式进贡的要求，如何导致朝廷以特产代替贵金属作为贡品。然后，它继续探讨 1592 年临津战争造成的经济匮乏如何导致朝鲜邦物主要由折扇和文具组成，如纸（kyŏngmyŏnji、paekmyŏnji 和油纸）、砚台 (hwayŏn)、墨水 (chinmuk和 yumaemuk) 和毛笔 (hwangmopil)——该王朝常见的主要出口商品。战争结束后，朝鲜王朝恢复了稳定，并恢复了战前的庞穆做法。然而，pangmul 并没有完全固定下来，呈现出试探性的模式，在 15 世纪的实践和 17 世纪的新情况之间来回穿梭。简而言之，本文探讨了 pangmul 实践如何没有完全固定，以及战争和 16 世纪韩国制造业不断变化的格局等突发事件如何影响 Chosŏn pangmul 的构成。