It is believed that chariots and cheekpieces for harnessing horses were invented in the steppe in the late 3rd – early 2nd millennium BC. From the steppe, the chariots reached the Carpathians, Mycenae and the Near East. However, these conclusions are based on the use of radiocarbon dates for the steppe complexes and historical ones for the Near Eastern ones. Correlation with the Carpathian materials was made on the basis of chronological schemes outdated for this region. The analysis shows that chariots spread to both regions independently, from the Near East, and the appearance of both chariots and cheekpieces in Mycenaean Greece was associated with the arrival of small elite groups from the Carpathians, probably of Thracian origin. It has made it possible to link the Eastern European and Ural cultures to the historical chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean.

中文翻译：

---

从巴尔干-喀尔巴阡地区到哈萨克斯坦中部的鹿角和骨头脸颊的演变：“战车”文化和迈锡尼希腊的年代学

据信，用于驾驭马匹的战车和护具是公元前 3 世纪末至 2 世纪初在草原上发明的。战车从草原到达喀尔巴阡山脉、迈锡尼和近东。然而，这些结论是基于对草原复合体的放射性碳年代和近东地区的历史年代的使用。与喀尔巴阡山脉材料的相关性是根据该地区过时的时间顺序方案进行的。分析表明，战车从近东独立地传播到这两个地区，而在迈锡尼时期的希腊，战车和脸颊的出现与来自喀尔巴阡山脉的小型精英群体的到来有关，这些精英群体可能起源于色雷斯。