Mobility has been historically tied to conceptions of cosmopolitanism, bringing forward imaginaries of belonging-in-the-world and going beyond the narrow limits of parochial allegiances into embracing virtues of openness as global citizens shaped by the experience crossing borders and encounter with the Other. Despite dominant ideas about cosmopolitans as elite itinerants of middle-class intellectuals, artists, tourists, expatriates and capitalists, global migration with its entailing forms of mobilities from below—economic migrants, transmigrants, refugees, exiles—has redefined the term to include forms of minor and vernacular cosmopolitanisms that emerge among the migrant underclass. However, just like these forms of mobilities, these types of cosmopolitanism are also bound and shaped by class, gender and ethnicity. This paper explores versions of cosmopolitanism from below in the stories of Mia Alvar in her book, In the Country, that center on female domestic workers from the Philippines. Through the transnational itineraries of these border-crossing women protagonists in contemporary Filipino fiction, the article examines the intersections and contradictions of class, gender and race in cosmopolitan imaginaries of mobilities in Southeast Asia.

中文翻译：

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妇女越界：米娅·阿尔瓦（Mia Alvar）的《乡下》中的世界主义想象

流动性在历史上一直与世界主义的概念联系在一起，提出了归属于世界的想象，并超越了狭隘忠诚的狭隘限制，接受了作为全球公民的开放美德，这些美德是由跨越国界和与他者相遇的经历所塑造的。尽管将世界主义者视为中产阶级知识分子、艺术家、游客、外籍人士和资本家的精英流动者的主流观念，但全球移民及其伴随的来自底层的流动形式——经济移民、移民、难民、流亡者——已经重新定义了这个术语，包括移民下层阶级中出现的次要的和本土化的世界主义。然而，就像这些形式的流动一样，这些类型的世界主义也受到阶级、性别和种族的约束和塑造。本文从米娅·阿尔瓦 (Mia Alvar) 的著作《在乡村》(In the Country) 中探讨了世界主义的不同版本，该书以菲律宾的女性家庭佣工为中心。通过当代菲律宾小说中这些跨界女性主人公的跨国行程，本文考察了东南亚世界性流动想象中阶级、性别和种族的交叉和矛盾。