Defeat by higher-order evidence needs defending. Maria Lasonen-Aarnio argues powerfully for the conclusion that higher-order evidence does not have an unlimited capacity to defeat justification. While developing her main argument Lasonen-Aarnio poses two other problems for unlimited higher-order defeat. Some theories of higher-order defeat are not subject to the main argument. The other problems threaten those theories too. The problems will be developed with the aim of finding and evaluating optimal versions. The first offers a reductio argument. The argument will be criticized as employing an unjustifiable assumption. The second problem poses a dilemma. The dilemma will be avoided by supplementing plausible higher-order defeat theories with a view of what justifies withholding judgment.

中文翻译：

---

高阶失败和暂缓判决

被高阶证据打败需要辩护。Maria Lasonen-Aarnio 有力地论证了高阶证据并没有无限的能力来推翻正当性的结论。在发展她的主要论点时，Lasonen-Aarnio 提出了其他两个无限高阶失败的问题。一些高阶失败的理论不受主要论点的约束。其他问题也威胁到这些理论。这些问题的开发旨在寻找和评估最佳版本。第一个提供了一个归约论点。该论点将被批评为采用了不合理的假设。第二个问题带来了两难境地。通过补充看似合理的高阶失败理论，可以避免这种困境，以说明什么是保留判断的合理性。