This paper explores several possible hybridized techniques to supply electrical energy at remote locations where the utility grid extension is found uneconomical. In this work, diesel-generator (DG) is combined with the various renewable energy resources (RES) and multiple storage facilities, such as (i) proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and hydrogen energy storage (HES), (ii) PEMFC, HES, and Solar PV, and (iii) HES, Solar PV, PEMFC, HES, and battery storage system (BSS), respectively, to achieve the best hybrid solution to supply electrical power in remotely located area efficiently. The Homer Pro software developed by the national renewable energy laboratory is used in this paper for conducting the proposed analysis. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem to minimize the cost and greenhouse gas emissions. Three performance indices or objective functions, namely net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and unmet load, have been evaluated for these three hybridizations to determine the best alternative to overcome the energy crunch, which is existing especially in remotely located area. The comparative analysis of the estimated performance parameters has revealed that the hybridization of DG with Solar PV, PEMFC, HES, & BSS provides smaller values of NPC (in US $), LCOE (in US $/kWh), and unmet load. Furthermore, hybridization of DG with Solar PV, PEMFC, HES, & BSS results in the lowest pollutant emission with zero unmet loads and energy wastage. Therefore, in this study, hybridization of DG, Solar PV, PEMFC, HES, & BSS is recommended as the best alternative to supply electrical power efficiently and economically to remote areas. In this stand-alone work mode of operation of DG is considered as a reference system and named ‘Combination 1’. The LCOE and NPC of the best suitable HPS are obtained as 0.50193 US $/kWh and 35200000 US $, respectively. As a result, the system's emission is reduced by 94% compared with the base case (combination 1).

中文翻译：

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太阳能 PV-PEMFC 混合动力系统的优化尺寸和控制

本文探讨了几种可能的混合技术，以在发现公用电网扩展不经济的偏远地区提供电能。在这项工作中，柴油发电机 (DG) 与各种可再生能源 (RES) 和多种存储设施相结合，例如 (i) 质子交换膜燃料电池 (PEMFC) 和氢能存储 (HES)，(ii) PEMFC、HES 和 Solar PV，以及 (iii) HES、Solar PV、PEMFC、HES 和电池存储系统 (BSS)，以实现在偏远地区有效供电的最佳混合解决方案。本文使用国家可再生能源实验室开发的 Homer Pro 软件进行所建议的分析。该问题被表述为一个多目标优化问题，以最小化成本和温室气体排放。三个性能指标或目标函数，即净现值 (NPC)、平准化能源成本 (LCOE) 和未满足负荷，已针对这三种混合进行了评估，以确定克服能源紧缩的最佳替代方案，尤其是在远程位于的区域。对估计性能参数的比较分析表明，DG 与太阳能光伏、PEMFC、HES 和 BSS 的混合提供了较小的 NPC（以美元计）、LCOE（以美元/kWh 计）和未满足的负载值。此外，DG 与太阳能光伏、PEMFC、HES 和 BSS 的混合可实现最低的污染物排放，零未满足负荷和能源浪费。因此，在本研究中，DG、太阳能光伏、PEMFC、HES 和 BSS 被推荐为向偏远地区高效、经济地供电的最佳替代方案。在这种独立工作模式中，DG 的操作被视为参考系统并命名为“组合 1”。获得最合适 HPS 的 LCOE 和 NPC 分别为 0.50193 美元/千瓦时和 35200000 美元。因此，与基本情况（组合 1）相比，系统的排放量减少了 94%。