The authors present the evidence gathered during the interdisciplinary study of several polished stone tools from some Neolithic sites in Hungary. In particular, the cutting-edged tool production (axes, adzes, chisels) involves knapping at several stages of the operational-chain within an artefact’s ‘life cycle’ - from raw material procurement, its manufacture, use, and discard. Some specific fine-grained and non-siliceous raw materials, among which are mainly hornfels, “white stones” and a few greenstones, show evidence of being worked by knapping as shown by the recovery of rough-outs, flaked similarly to biface artefacts, reworked pieces during retooling attempts, and several flakes detached before and after polishing the artefact surfaces. These latter demonstrate that re-sharpening and re-working polished cutting-edged tools was a common practice within the settlements during the whole Neolithic period. These small flakes, that sometimes look like true bladelets, have been often confused with, and published as, chipped stone tools. Therefore, it is important to get a holistic view of the whole stone industry during the study of the lithic assemblages. As in the case for chert and flint in N Europe, which have been intensively exploited for the production of polished axes and adzes, some other lithic raw materials could be easily worked by knapping for the production of polished tools, especially micro-crystalline rocks that have technical response and physical properties very similar to true flint and chert. Moreover, there are indeed implications regarding social organization among Neolithic communities, not only from the point of view of raw material procurement. Notably, the technical capability of producing and maintaining in efficiency the polished stone tools had to be acquired by individuals belonging to each household within the community, since stone axe-adzes were polyfunctional tools for mundane and multiple tasks. Therefore, as an important means for survival, the production of stone tools, both chipped and polished, was a knowledge certainly transmitted from generation to generation, although we still have to understand the modes and social implications of the transfer in details.

中文翻译：

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抛光前后敲击：匈牙利新石器时代抛光石器的技术证据

作者介绍了在对匈牙利一些新石器时代遗址的几种抛光石器进行跨学科研究期间收集的证据。特别是，尖端工具的生产（斧头、锛、凿子）涉及在人工制品“生命周期”内的操作链的几个阶段——从原材料采购、制造、使用和废弃。一些特定的细粒和非硅质原料，其中主要是角岩、“白石”和少数绿石，显示出经过敲打加工的证据，如原石的回收所表明的那样，剥落类似于双面人工制品，在重新加工尝试期间对零件进行了返工，并且在抛光人工制品表面之前和之后有几片碎片脱落。后者表明，在整个新石器时代的定居点内，重新磨锐和重新加工抛光的尖端工具是一种常见的做法。这些有时看起来像真正的小刀片的小薄片，经常与碎石工具混淆，并作为碎石工具发布。因此，在研究岩石组合时，对整个石材行业有一个整体的认识是很重要的。就像欧洲北部的燧石和燧石一样，它们被广泛用于生产抛光斧头和锛，其他一些石质原材料可以很容易地通过敲打来生产抛光工具，特别是微晶岩石具有与真正的燧石和燧石非常相似的技术响应和物理特性。而且，不仅从原材料采购的角度来看，新石器时代社区的社会组织确实存在影响。值得注意的是，生产和保持抛光石器效率的技术能力必须由社区内每个家庭的个人获得，因为石斧锛是用于日常和多种任务的多功能工具。因此，作为一种重要的生存手段，石器的生产，无论是切削加工还是抛光加工，都是一代代相传的知识，但我们仍需详细了解其传递的方式和社会意义。生产和有效维护抛光石工具的技术能力必须由社区内每个家庭的个人获得，因为石斧锛是用于日常和多种任务的多功能工具。因此，作为一种重要的生存手段，石器的生产，无论是切削的还是抛光的，都是一代代传承下来的知识，虽然我们还需要详细了解这种传承的方式和社会意义。生产和有效维护抛光石工具的技术能力必须由社区内每个家庭的个人获得，因为石斧锛是用于日常和多种任务的多功能工具。因此，作为一种重要的生存手段，石器的生产，无论是切削的还是抛光的，都是一代代传承下来的知识，虽然我们还需要详细了解这种传承的方式和社会意义。