Archaeological cultures of the Bronze Age, despite the widespread use of metal, also used stone raw materials for the manufacture of tools, household, and sacred items. A lot of stone products had a complicated shape and meticulous finishing, but the technology of their manufacture is still not always clear. This fully applies to the materials of the Bronze Age of southern Turkmenistan where long-term settlements of the proto-urban type are being studied. These include Gonur Depe (2500-1500 BCE) - the administrative and religious centre of ancient Margiana (Sarianidi 2005). Among its materials are stone miniature columns of “unknown” purpose in the shape of a chess rook, which are usually found in sacral complexes. This paper deals with the technology of producing these objects (half of the collection of intact items was investigated) and is part of a collective work on a comprehensive study of large stone cult objects from Gonur Depe. The raw materials for studied miniature columns were gypsum, limestone, marbled limestone, marbled onyx, onyx, talcochlorite, and polymictic breccia. For the first time the authors made an attempt to consider the issues of miniature columns manufacturing technology. Thanks to the use-wear study of their surfaces, it became possible to reveal numerous technological traces invisible to the naked eye. The data obtained made it possible to characterize all stages of the miniature columns manufacturing technology, which indicates a high level of development of the stone-processing industry in the settlements of the Bronze Age of Turkmenistan.

中文翻译：

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青铜时代遗址Gonur Depe（土库曼斯坦南部）的石制微型柱子的制造技术

青铜时代的考古文化，尽管广泛使用金属，但也使用石头原料来制造工具、家居和圣物。很多石制品造型复杂，加工细致，但其制作工艺仍不清晰。这完全适用于土库曼斯坦南部青铜时代的材料，那里正在研究原始城市类型的长期定居点。其中包括 Gonur Depe（公元前 2500-1500 年）——古代 Margiana 的行政和宗教中心（Sarianidi 2005）。在它的材料中，有一种“未知”用途的石制微型柱子，形状像棋车，通常出现在骶骨复合体中。本文介绍了生产这些物品的技术（对完整物品收藏的一半进行了调查），并且是对来自 Gonur Depe 的大型石头祭祀物品进行综合研究的集体工作的一部分。研究的微型柱的原材料是石膏、石灰石、大理石石灰石、大理石缟玛瑙、缟玛瑙、滑石粉和多聚角砾岩。作者首次尝试考虑微型立柱制造技术的问题。由于对其表面的使用磨损研究，有可能揭示肉眼看不见的许多技术痕迹。获得的数据可以描述微型柱制造技术的所有阶段，