This article analyses the forms of symbolic resistance in everyday life in Francoist Spain during the 1960s, when the post-war crisis had been relegated to the past and the concerns and interests of Spanish society had begun to diversify. Firstly, it examines the way in which day-to-day resistance functioned under dictatorial regimes. Secondly, it studies the anti-Franco expressions of popular culture, including insults and blasphemies. Finally, it focuses on other manifestations of symbolic resistance hostile to the regime, such as toasts to political dissidents who were victims of reprisals; insults aimed at the Spanish and Falange flags; and subversive cries and slogans. To this end, this article examines a large number of archival sources, mainly documentation from the Ministry of Information and Tourism available in the General Archive of the Administration (AGA).

中文翻译：

---

嘲弄独裁：1960 年代佛朗哥主义时期日常生活中的象征性抵抗

本文分析了 1960 年代弗朗索瓦时代西班牙日常生活中的象征性抵抗形式，当时战后危机已成为过去，西班牙社会的关注和利益开始多样化。首先，它考察了独裁政权下日常抵抗的运作方式。其次，它研究了流行文化中反佛朗哥的表达方式，包括侮辱和亵渎。最后，它侧重于对政权怀有敌意的象征性抵抗的其他表现形式，例如向遭受报复的持不同政见者敬酒；针对西班牙和长枪党旗帜的侮辱；和颠覆性的呼声和口号。为此，本文考察了大量的档案资料，