‘Refugees welcome!’ In September 2015, pictures of crowds of asylum-seekers arriving at Munich’s central railway station were broadcasted around the world. The message that this image conveyed suggested an open-minded Germany, awakening memories of the autumn of 1989 when thousands of people from the German Democratic Republic flooded into the West. This time, however, the migrants were largely displaced people fleeing Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan. They had trekked through the so-called ‘Balkan Route’ to the Hungarian border and, for humanitarian reasons, the West German government had agreed to take them in. However, the influx of refugees grew rapidly, and the initial warm reception shown in Munich and other German cities soon gave way to anxious debate and controversy. Was the German and European asylum system being overwhelmed? Were there sufficient strategies in place to integrate these newcomers? Comparisons were made both with the problem of integrating displaced persons following the end of World War II and with the rise in the number of asylum-seekers in the early 1990s. Yet one crucial aspect has so far been neglected: a critical-historical look at the entanglements of global, transnational and regional developments in the 1970s and the 1980s. The way Europe deals with refugees and humanitarianism today cannot be properly analysed without an understanding of these years. Since the mid-1970s, most regional and global refugee movements came from the countries of the ‘Global South’. These states were experiencing wars of independence and mass expulsions of peoples in the wake of decolonisation, in proxy wars in the Cold War confrontation or in Central American civil wars. Above all, after the war in Vietnam, it was the exodus of hundreds of

中文翻译：

---

作为“世界秩序”关注的难民：1980 年代以来的（西）欧洲和中东

“欢迎难民！” 2015 年 9 月，大批寻求庇护者抵达慕尼黑中央火车站的照片在全世界播出。这张图片传达的信息暗示了一个思想开放的德国，唤醒了人们对 1989 年秋天的记忆，当时成千上万的德意志民主共和国人民涌入西方。然而，这一次，移民主要是逃离叙利亚、伊拉克和阿富汗的流离失所者。他们徒步穿越所谓的“巴尔干路线”到达匈牙利边境，出于人道主义原因，西德政府同意接收他们。然而，难民涌入迅速增加，慕尼黑最初表现出热烈的接待和其他德国城市很快让位于焦虑的辩论和争议。德国和欧洲的庇护系统是否不堪重负？是否有足够的策略来整合这些新来者？对二战结束后的流离失所者融入问题和 1990 年代初寻求庇护者人数的增加进行了比较。然而，迄今为止，一个重要的方面一直被忽视：对 1970 年代和 1980 年代全球、跨国和区域发展的纠葛进行批判性历史观察。如果不了解这些年，就无法正确分析当今欧洲处理难民和人道主义的方式。自 1970 年代中期以来，大多数区域和全球难民运动都来自“全球南方”国家。在非殖民化之后，这些国家正在经历独立战争和大规模驱逐人民，在冷战对抗或中美洲内战中的代理人战争中。最重要的是，在越南战争之后，数百人的外流