This is a remarkable study in terms of its chronological sweep, its use of diverse sources and its multi-disciplinary approach to the past. It grapples with the elusive traces left in the Irish landscape by a form of pastoral farming known in the international literature as transhumance and in Ireland as booleying. The author employs archaeological field work, soil science, documentary evidence, place names analysis, oral history and cartography to trace the evolution of this set of farming practices and their eventual demise. Transhumance is an intricate system of farming whereby livestock are moved in summertime from one farming environment, usually lowland farms, up on to the rough pastures found on the slopes of neighbouring hills or mountains. In wintertime the flocks of animals are returned from these commonages to the home farms. The kinds of livestock moved about might include sheep, goats, cows, bulls and bullocks. In this way farmers gained access to additional grazing and economised on land use at home. The distances travelled in these seasonal movements could vary but in Ireland they seem to have been well under twelve kilometres in most cases. As Costello emphasises, booleying involved the movement of people as well as stock. Rough shelters were constructed on the hillsides to house the herders who typically were of adolescent age or children, the opportunity cost of whose labour presumably was low. The numbers of people involved were considerable. Three areas are studied intensively in this work: those of the Carna peninsula, Connemara, County Galway, the parish of Gleann Cholm Cille in south-west Donegal and the Galtee Mountains on the Tipperary– Limerick borderlands. In the first of these two study areas something like one-third of the people were dispatched to the hills to look after livestock. To an outsider to the field this seems surprisingly high, implying large movement and relocation of people, albeit on a temporary seasonal basis. The origins of booleying lie in the medieval period and possibly much earlier. Nor was the practice confined to Gaelic areas. It existed in Old English territories as well. Costello explores the post-medieval period and is refreshingly frank about the speculative nature of much of what can be said before the nineteenth century in view of the paucity of documentation and the absence of more detailed archaeological work. Ironically, the sources become more plentiful when the practice is under pressure from population growth, commercialisation of agriculture (dairying and cattle raising in particular) and efforts at estate improvement. Some theoretical borrowings from the property rights paradigm in the economics literature might perhaps have sharpened some of the valuable insights developed by the author, particularly in relation to transitions over time. Explosive pre-Famine population growth, it is argued, led to a much more crowded rural landscape and eventually reduced opportunities for transhumance. Integration into a wider world of market exchange initially made booleying more attractive, the incentives for commercial butter production being a prime example. But later, in conjunction with population growth, these forces served to restrict the practice. It is noteworthy that landlords by and large seem to have adopted a laissez faire attitude to the practice, though estate policy might indirectly constrict the operations of the system, as happened apparently in the vicinity of the Galtee Mountains. Irish Historical Studies (2021), 45 (168), 333–358. © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd

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1550-1900 年的迁徙和爱尔兰高地的形成。通过尤金科斯特洛。第 240 页。伍德布里奇：博伊德尔出版社。2020 年。75 英镑精装本。

这是一项了不起的研究，就其时间顺序、对不同来源的使用以及对过去的多学科方法而言。它通过一种在国际文献中被称为“迁徙”和在爱尔兰被称为“布尔林”的田园农业形式来处理爱尔兰景观中留下的难以捉摸的痕迹。作者利用考古实地工作、土壤科学、文献证据、地名分析、口述历史和制图来追踪这套耕作方式的演变及其最终消亡。迁徙是一种复杂的农业系统，在夏季，牲畜从一个农业环境（通常是低地农场）转移到邻近丘陵或山区斜坡上的粗糙牧场。在冬季，成群的动物从这些公共场所返回到家庭农场。移动的牲畜种类可能包括绵羊、山羊、奶牛、公牛和公牛。通过这种方式，农民获得了更多的放牧机会，并在家里节约了土地使用。在这些季节性运动中行驶的距离可能会有所不同，但在爱尔兰，大多数情况下它们似乎远低于 12 公里。正如科斯特洛所强调的，布尔运算涉及人员和股票的流动。在山坡上建造了粗糙的庇护所，以安置通常处于青春期或儿童的牧民，他们的劳动力机会成本可能很低。涉及的人数相当可观。在这项工作中深入研究了三个领域：Carna 半岛、康尼马拉、戈尔韦郡、多尼戈尔西南部的 Gleann Cholm Cille 教区和蒂珀雷里-利默里克边境地区的 Galtee 山脉。在这两个研究区中的第一个，大约有三分之一的人被派到山上照顾牲畜。对于该领域的局外人来说，这似乎是惊人的高，这意味着人们的大规模流动和重新安置，尽管是临时的季节性基础。booleying 的起源在于中世纪时期，而且可能更早。这种做法也不局限于盖尔地区。它也存在于古英语地区。科斯特洛探索了后中世纪时期，鉴于缺乏文献资料和缺乏更详细的考古工作，19 世纪之前可以说的大部分内容都具有投机性质，令人耳目一新。讽刺地，当这种做法受到人口增长、农业商业化（尤其是奶牛和养牛）以及改善庄园的努力的压力时，来源变得更加丰富。从经济学文献中的产权范式中借鉴的一些理论可能会强化作者提出的一些有价值的见解，特别是在与随时间推移有关的转变方面。有人认为，饥荒前的爆炸性人口增长导致了更加拥挤的农村景观，并最终减少了迁徙的机会。融入更广泛的市场交换世界最初使布尔运算更具吸引力，商业黄油生产的激励措施就是一个很好的例子。但后来，随着人口的增长，这些力量限制了这种做法。值得注意的是，地主大体上似乎对这种做法采取了放任自流的态度，尽管房地产政策可能会间接限制该系统的运作，就像在加尔蒂山脉附近显然发生的那样。爱尔兰历史研究 (2021), 45 (168), 333–358。© 作者，2022 年。剑桥大学出版社代表爱尔兰历史研究出版物有限公司出版