We simulate expected costs, market returns, and nonmarket ecosystem benefits associated with four oyster resources: harvested bottom reefs, off-bottom aquaculture, nonharvested (restored) reefs, and living shorelines. Benefit categories include market returns from harvest, improved water quality (reduced nitrogen), habitat for other species (blue crab and red drum), and shoreline protection. Bottom reefs and off-bottom aquaculture yield both market returns and nonmarket ecosystem benefits, whereas nonharvested reefs and living shorelines yield only nonmarket ecosystem benefits. Overall gross benefits are expected to be greater and much more variable for off-bottom aquaculture and living shorelines relative to harvested and nonharvested reefs. We find that harvested bottom reefs, off-bottom aquaculture, and living shorelines are expected to yield positive net benefits more often than not, but that nonharvested restored reefs are expected to yield positive net benefits only 36% of the time. We discuss the uncertainty and limitations surrounding these estimates.

中文翻译：

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牡蛎经济学：已收获和未收获的珊瑚礁、海底水产养殖和生活海岸线的模拟成本、市场回报和非市场生态系统效益

我们模拟了与四种牡蛎资源相关的预期成本、市场回报和非市场生态系统效益：已收获的底礁、离底水产养殖、未收获（恢复）的珊瑚礁和有生命的海岸线。收益类别包括收获的市场回报、改善的水质（减少氮）、其他物种的栖息地（蓝蟹和红鼓）以及海岸线保护。底礁和离底水产养殖产生市场回报和非市场生态系统效益，而未收获的珊瑚礁和活的海岸线仅产生非市场生态系统效益。相对于已收获和未收获的珊瑚礁，离海底水产养殖和有生命的海岸线的总体总收益预计会更大，变化也更大。我们发现收获的底礁、离底水产养殖、和活的海岸线预计往往会产生积极的净效益，但预计未收获的恢复珊瑚礁仅在 36% 的时间内产生积极的净效益。我们讨论了围绕这些估计的不确定性和局限性。