In this study, an advanced temperature-sensitive hydrogel with sewage sludge ash (SSA) was synthesized and employed as draw agent for forward osmosis (FO) desalination. The effects of the incineration temperature (700–1,000°C) of SSA obtention, particle size (20–300 meshes), and dosage (0–4.5 wt%) of SSA were investigated for optimally synthesizing the temperature-sensitive hydrogel to meet the requirement of FO. The resulting hydrogels were characterized in terms of crystal structure, surface morphology, surface functional groups, and lower critical solution temperature (LCST). It was shown that the dosage of SSA significantly influenced the swelling capacity (in different concentrations of NaCl solution) and deswelling property of hydrogels, whereas the other two factors only affected the swelling of hydrogel, but had no effect on the deswelling. In addition, as a result of higher reticulated pore structure, and the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the chemical surface of SSA and monomers of hydrogels, the best production D2.5H as a draw agent generated high average water flux of 2.22 LMH in FO desalination with 2,000 ppm NaCl as feed solution. Furthermore, despite a little higher LCST with the comparison of D0H (blank sample without SSA), the D2.5H as a draw agent can still maintain the prominent temperature-sensitive performance in that, most of the water can be recovered in 10 min of 60°C water bath, and the average water fluxes of FO with even three times regenerated hydrogels were similar to that with the initial.

中文翻译：

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一种先进的正渗透海水淡化牵引剂污水污泥灰基温敏水凝胶的合成与表征

在这项研究中，合成了一种具有污水污泥灰 (SSA) 的先进温度敏感水凝胶，并将其用作正向渗透 (FO) 脱盐的吸引剂。研究了获得SSA的焚烧温度（700-1,000°C）、粒径（20-300目）和SSA用量（0-4.5 wt%）的影响，以优化合成温敏水凝胶以满足FO的要求。所得水凝胶在晶体结构、表面形态、表面官能团和较低临界溶解温度 (LCST) 方面进行了表征。结果表明，SSA的用量显着影响水凝胶的溶胀能力（在不同浓度的NaCl溶液中）和去溶胀性能，而其他两个因素只影响水凝胶的溶胀，对去溶胀没有影响。此外，由于更高的网状孔结构，以及 SSA 的化学表面与水凝胶单体之间的氢键相互作用，作为牵引剂的最佳生产 D2.5H 在 FO 脱盐中产生了 2.22 LMH 的高平均水通量以 2,000 ppm NaCl 作为进料溶液。此外，尽管与 D0H（不含 SSA 的空白样品）相比，LCST 稍高，但作为牵引剂的 D2.5H 仍能保持突出的温度敏感性能，大部分水可在 10 分钟内回收。 60°C水浴，甚至3次再生水凝胶的FO的平均水通量与初始相似。在以 2,000 ppm NaCl 作为进料溶液的 FO 脱盐中，作为牵引剂的最佳生产 D2.5H 产生了 2.22 LMH 的高平均水通量。此外，尽管与 D0H（不含 SSA 的空白样品）相比，LCST 稍高，但作为牵引剂的 D2.5H 仍能保持突出的温度敏感性能，大部分水可在 10 分钟内回收。 60°C水浴，甚至3次再生水凝胶的FO的平均水通量与初始相似。在以 2,000 ppm NaCl 作为进料溶液的 FO 脱盐中，作为牵引剂的最佳生产 D2.5H 产生了 2.22 LMH 的高平均水通量。此外，尽管与 D0H（不含 SSA 的空白样品）相比，LCST 稍高，但作为牵引剂的 D2.5H 仍能保持突出的温度敏感性能，大部分水可在 10 分钟内回收。 60°C水浴，甚至3次再生水凝胶的FO的平均水通量与初始相似。