The Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) is an ultra-elusive bird that has repeatedly been feared extinct only to be rediscovered during the past hundred years. An article that was featured on the cover of Science in 2005 announced the most recent rediscovery in Arkansas, which was the first report of this species by ornithologists in several decades. Another group of ornithologists reported a series of sightings in Florida the following year, but the issue became controversial when nobody managed to get close enough to an Ivory-billed Woodpecker for a long enough period of time to obtain the clear photo that is regarded as the standard form of evidence for documenting birds. In Louisiana and Florida, video footage was obtained during three encounters with distant birds that were identified in the field as Ivory-billed Woodpeckers. The videos show field marks, body proportions, flights, and other behaviors and characteristics that are consistent with the Ivory-billed Woodpecker but no other species of the region. The five most compelling events in the videos are the focus here, but several additional events are also discussed. During four of the most compelling events, the audio track contains sounds that are consistent with the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. Extensions of previous results include a size comparison and a wingspan estimate that are used to fortify the analysis of two videos from Louisiana. Takeoffs with deep and rapid wingbeats and loud ‘wooden’ wing sounds, which were overlooked during previous analysis of a video that was obtained in Florida, are consistent with an account by Tanner. Additional events in the Florida video are also discussed, including a sudden maneuver during a swooping flight that coincides with ‘spring-like’ sounds. This issue started to evolve into a science scandal when critics, who had become entrenched in the position that the Ivory-billed Woodpecker is extinct, used specious arguments to cause a long delay in the publication of evidence that should be sufficient to establish persistence. After openly targeting relatively weak evidence, critics avoided engaging in open discourse on the strongest evidence after it was finally published. Some of the leading science journals helped to enable the scandal by failing to provide diligent oversight and publishing biased reports on the status of this issue. The scandal culminated in a decision by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service to declare the Ivory-billed Woodpecker extinct, which was made in the absence of an open discourse on the strongest evidence and in the wake of an unprecedented spike in published reports of sightings during the searches in Arkansas, Florida, and Louisiana.

中文翻译：

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最终宣布象牙嘴啄木鸟（Campephilus principalis）灭绝的科学丑闻

象牙嘴啄木鸟 (桔梗) 是一种极其难以捉摸的鸟类，在过去的一百年里，它一再被人们担心灭绝，后来才被重新发现。一篇曾登上过封面的文章科学2005 年宣布了最近在阿肯色州的重新发现，这是几十年来鸟类学家首次报告该物种。另一组鸟类学家报告了第二年在佛罗里达州的一系列目击事件，但是当没有人设法在足够长的时间内接近象牙嘴啄木鸟以获得被认为是记录鸟类的标准证据形式。在路易斯安那州和佛罗里达州，视频片段是在与远处鸟类的三次相遇中获得的，这些鸟类在野外被确定为象牙嘴啄木鸟。这些视频显示了与象牙嘴啄木鸟一致但与该地区其他物种不相符的场地标记、身体比例、飞行和其他行为和特征。视频中最引人注目的五个事件是这里的重点，但也讨论了其他几个事件。在四个最引人注目的事件中，音轨包含与象牙嘴啄木鸟一致的声音。先前结果的扩展包括尺寸比较和翼展估计，用于加强对来自路易斯安那州的两个视频的分析。在先前对佛罗里达获得的视频进行分析时，忽略了具有深而快速的翼拍和响亮的“木”翼声音的起飞，这与坦纳的说法是一致的。还讨论了佛罗里达视频中的其他事件，包括俯冲飞行期间的突然机动，同时伴随着“弹簧般的”声音。当批评者，这个问题开始演变成科学丑闻，他们已经根深蒂固地认为象牙嘴啄木鸟已经灭绝，他们使用似是而非的论据导致长时间延迟发表足以证明其持久性的证据。在公开针对相对较弱的证据之后，批评者避免在最终发表后就最有力的证据进行公开讨论。一些领先的科学期刊因未能提供勤勉的监督和发表关于该问题状态的有偏见的报告而助长了丑闻。丑闻最终导致美国鱼类和野生动物管理局决定宣布象牙嘴啄木鸟灭绝，这是在没有就最有力证据进行公开讨论的情况下做出的，并且在公布的目击事件报告中出现了前所未有的激增。在佛罗里达州阿肯色州的搜索，