Africa's rural population continues to expand rapidly, and labor productivity in agriculture and many rural-off farm activities remains low. This review uses the lens of a dual economy and the associated patterns of agricultural, rural, and structural transformation to review the evolution of Africa's rural employment and its inclusiveness. Many African countries still find themselves in an early stage of the agricultural and rural transformation. Given smaller sectoral productivity gaps than commonly assumed, greater size effects, and larger spillovers, investment in agriculture and the rural off-farm economy remains warranted to broker the transition to more and more productive rural employment. The key policy questions thus become how best to invest in the agri-food system (on and increasingly also off the farm) and how best to generate demand for nonagricultural goods and services that rural households can competitively produce. Informing these choices continues to present a major research agenda, with digital technologies, the imperative of greening, and intra-African liberalization raising many unarticulated and undocumented opportunities and challenges.

中文翻译：

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非洲农村就业：趋势与挑战

非洲农村人口继续快速增长，农业和许多农村非农活动的劳动生产率仍然较低。本综述使用二元经济以及相关的农业、农村和结构转型模式的视角来审视非洲农村就业及其包容性的演变。许多非洲国家仍处于农业农村转型的早期阶段。鉴于部门生产率差距比通常假设的要小、规模效应更大、溢出效应更大，对农业和农村非农经济的投资仍然有必要促进农村就业向越来越多的生产性转变。因此，关键的政策问题变成了如何最好地投资农业食品系统（农场内以及越来越多的农场外）以及如何最好地产生对农村家庭能够有竞争力地生产的非农业产品和服务的需求。为这些选择提供信息继续提出一个主要的研究议程，数字技术、绿色化的必要性以及非洲内部的自由化带来了许多未阐明和未记录的机遇和挑战。