Organoids are 3D cell culture systems derived from human pluripotent stem cells that contain tissue resident cell types and reflect features of early tissue organization. Neural organoids are a particularly innovative scientific advance given the lack of accessibility of developing human brain tissue and intractability of neurological diseases. Neural organoids have become an invaluable approach to model features of human brain development that are not well reflected in animal models. Organoids also hold promise for the study of atypical cellular, molecular, and genetic features that underscore neurological diseases. Additionally, organoids may provide a platform for testing therapeutics in human cells and are a potential source for cell replacement approaches to brain injury or disease. Despite the promising features of organoids, their broad utility is tempered by a variety of limitations yet to be overcome, including lack of high-fidelity cell types, limited maturation, atypical physiology, and lack of arealization, features that may limit their reliability for certain applications.

中文翻译：

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类器官研究的挑战

类器官是源自人类多能干细胞的 3D 细胞培养系统，包含组织驻留细胞类型并反映早期组织组织的特征。鉴于人类脑组织的发育缺乏以及神经系统疾病的棘手性，神经类器官是一项特别创新的科学进步。神经类器官已成为模拟人类大脑发育特征的宝贵方法，而这些特征在动物模型中并未得到很好的体现。类器官还有望用于研究强调神经系统疾病的非典型细胞、分子和遗传特征。此外，类器官可以提供用于测试人类细胞疗法的平台，并且是脑损伤或疾病的细胞替代方法的潜在来源。尽管类器官具有前景广阔的特性，但它们的广泛实用性受到了多种有待克服的限制的影响，包括缺乏高保真细胞类型、成熟有限、非典型生理学和缺乏区域化，这些特性可能会限制它们在某些方面的可靠性。应用程序。