Addressing climate change will require significant reductions in carbon emissions. Decarbonization will likely lead to increases in energy prices, which are regressive. Poorer households spend a higher percentage of income on energy and also have less access to energy efficient options in housing, transportation (including electric vehicles), and household durables. This review summarizes the state of knowledge on the energy justice implications of the clean energy transformation along four dimensions—production of energy, energy insecurity/energy poverty, access to clean energy technologies, and impacts of policy instrument choices for achieving decarbonization. Along each dimension there is evidence of greater negative impacts on lower-income households and on Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) households, even controlling for income. But there is also evidence that these impacts can be mitigated through policy choices. Together these findings highlight that centering justice concerns in policy debates is critical for a just and clean energy transformation.

中文翻译：

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能源正义、脱碳和清洁能源转型

应对气候变化需要大幅减少碳排放。脱碳可能会导致能源价格上涨，这是累退性的。较贫困的家庭在能源上的支出占收入的比例较高，并且在住房、交通（包括电动汽车）和家庭耐用品方面获得节能选择的机会也较少。本综述从能源生产、能源不安全/能源贫困、清洁能源技术的获取以及实现脱碳的政策工具选择的影响四个维度总结了清洁能源转型对能源正义影响的知识状况。在每个维度上，都有证据表明，即使在控制收入的情况下，对低收入家庭以及黑人、原住民和有色人种 (BIPOC) 家庭的负面影响也更大。但也有证据表明，这些影响可以通过政策选择来减轻。这些发现共同表明，将正义问题纳入政策辩论对于公正和清洁的能源转型至关重要。