A robust body of evidence shows that air pollution exposure is detrimental to health outcomes, often measured as deaths and hospitalizations. This literature has focused less on subclinical channels that nonetheless impact behavior, performance, and skills. This article reviews the economic research investigating the causal effects of pollution on nonhealth end points, including labor productivity, cognitive performance, and multiple forms of decision-making. Subclinical effects of pollution can be more challenging to observe than formal health care encounters but may be more pervasive if they affect otherwise healthy people. The wide variety of possible impacts of pollution should be informed by plausible mechanisms and require appropriate hypothesis testing to limit false discovery. Finally, any detected effects of pollution, in both the short and long run, may be dampened by costly efforts to avoid exposure ex ante and remediate its impacts ex post; these costs must be considered for a full welfare analysis.

中文翻译：

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这就是空气：空气污染的“非健康”影响

大量证据表明，空气污染暴露对健康结果有害，通常以死亡和住院治疗来衡量。这些文献较少关注影响行为、表现和技能的亚临床渠道。本文回顾了调查污染对非健康终点的因果影响的经济研究，包括劳动生产率、认知表现和多种形式的决策。与正式的医疗保健相比，污染的亚临床影响可能更难以观察，但如果它们影响到其他健康的人，则可能会更加普遍。污染可能产生的各种影响应通过合理的机制来告知，并需要进行适当的假设检验以限制错误发现。最后，任何已发现的污染影响，无论是短期还是长期，都可能因事前避免污染和事后补救其影响而付出高昂代价而受到抑制；进行全面的福利分析时必须考虑这些成本。