We examine selection by class origin and gender in the emigration from Sweden to the United States during the age of mass migration. We use full-count census data linked to emigration lists to create a panel of over one million men and women. Class selection was similar for men and women, with children from medium-skilled backgrounds being most likely to leave. Selection on class origin was most pronounced in poorer and less industrialized regions, but similar in rural and urban areas. These patterns suggest that not only returns to skill determined migrant selection but also class-specific costs of migration.

中文翻译：

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从瑞典到美国：跨大西洋移民中的移民选择，1890-1910

我们研究了大规模移民时代从瑞典移民到美国的阶级出身和性别选择。我们使用与移民名单相关的全面人口普查数据来创建一个由超过一百万男性和女性组成的小组。男性和女性的班级选择相似，中等技能背景的孩子最有可能离开。阶级出身的选择在较贫穷和工业化程度较低的地区最为明显，但在农村和城市地区相似。这些模式表明，不仅技能的回报决定了移民选择，而且特定类别的移民成本也决定了。